Two process model as an explanation for phobias

• What does the two process model emphasize in relation to phobias?

  The role of learning in phobias
• What combination of conditioning did MOWRER suggest explains how phobias are learned?


  A combination of classical and operant conditioning
• How are phobias acquired according to the study material?

  Through classical conditioning
• What happens during classical conditioning that leads to the acquisition of phobias?

  A fear response is associated with a neutral stimulus that becomes a conditioned stimulus due to pairing with a threatening unconditioned stimulus
• In the example of Little Albert, what was the originally neutral stimulus?

  The white rat
• What did the loud noise represent in Little Albert's experiment?

  The unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
• What did the white rat become after being paired with the loud noise in Little Albert's case?

  The conditioned stimulus (CS)
• What is the conditioned response (CR) in the context of Little Albert's fear?

  Fear of the white rat
• What phenomenon may occur when a phobia is generalized, as seen with Little Albert?

  Stimulus generalization
• What other stimuli did Little Albert develop a fear of due to stimulus generalization?

  White rabbits and Santa's beard
• How are phobias generally acquired according to the study material?

  Through one trial learning
• How are phobias maintained according to the study material?

  Through operant conditioning
• What behavior do individuals with phobias typically engage in to maintain their phobia?

  They actively avoid the phobic stimulus
• What is the effect of avoidance behaviors on phobias?

  They are strengthened through the reduction in unpleasant feelings
• What type of reinforcement is involved in the maintenance of phobias through avoidance behaviors?

  Negative reinforcement