2) Organisation

• A plant needs carbon dioxide, oxygen, water, glucose and mineral ions to survive.
• Deoxygenated blood returns from the body to the heart through the vena cava. It flows through the right atrium and the valves open under pressure. The heart pumps deoxygenated blood out of the heart through the pulmonary artery to the lungs.
• At the lungs, the blood picks up oxygen. The now oxygenated blood re-enters the heart through the pulmonary vein. The blood collects in the left atrium, the valves open with pressure to allow the blood into the left ventricle. The heart pumps the blood out of the aorta to the body.
• The waxy cuticle in a plant tissue is the outer surface of the leaf. It has a thin, waxy, waterproof covering that prevents water loss by evaporation.
• Guard cells and stomata are important in plant tissues because carbon dioxide and oxygen can't diffuse into the leaf, they have to be let in through the stomata, and the guard cells control when the stomata open and close.
• The five key features of plant tissues are: the waxy cuticle, spongey mesophyll, palisade cells, guard cells and stomata.
• The phloem transports sugars from leaves to different areas of a plant. It has a two-way flow.
• The movement of sugars is called translocation.
• The xylem transports water and mineral ions from the roots upwards to the leaves. They have one way transport.
• Xylem cells are dead because they have a spiral-molecule called Lignin, which kills the cell, but physically strengthens it.
• Transpiration is the process of water evaporating from leaves.
• There are 4 factors that affect transpiration: temperature, light intensity, wind and humidity.
• Tissues are a group of the same cells working together to perform the same function.
• An organ system is a group of different organs each with a different role, which all work together to perform a common outcome.
• The skeletal system provides support for the body, protects vital organs and allows movement. It consists of bones, cartilage, tendons and ligaments.
• The circulatory system transports hormones, oxygen and nutrients around the body and removes waste product (carbon dioxide and urea). It consists of the heart, blood vessels and blood.
• The respiratory system is responsible for gas exchange between the blood and the environment, it consists of the nose, trachea and lungs.
• The digestive system breaks down large food molecules into smaller food molecules that can be absorbed into the blood. It consists of the mouth, oesophagus, stomach and intestines.
• The nervous system is needed to transmit signals between the central nervous system (CNS) and the rest of the body. It consists of the brain, spinal cord and nerves.
• Enzymes are biological catalysts made of proteins.
• A catalyst is something that speeds up the rate of reaction without being used up.
• The lock and key model is often used to describe enzymes.
• The substrate binds to an enzyme's active site. This forms an enzyme-substrate complex.
• Each active site is a specific shape that fits a specific substrate. It needs to be complimentary to the substrate to bind.
• Concentration, pH and temperature affect an enzyme's rate of reaction.
• Protease is broken into amino acids by enzymes.
• Amylase is broken into glucose molecules by enzymes.
• The pancreas and small intestine are the only organs that produce all three digestive enzymes.
• The diaphragm is a part of the respiratory system. It is the muscles that control breathing.
• The ribs protect the lungs and other chest organs. It is part of the respiratory system.
• The intercostal muscles are part of the respiratory system, they control the movement of the ribs.
• The bronchi are the two branches of the trachea that carry air to each lung. It is part of the respiratory system.
• The trachea transports gases from the nose and mouth to the lungs and back.
• The bronchioles are the smaller branches of the bronchi, which carry air to the alveoli. They are part of the respiratory system.
• Gas exchange with the blood occurs in the alveoli.
• Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
• Capillaries connect arteries to veins.
• Veins carry blood back into the heart and contain valves.
• The arteries have adapted to have thick muscular walls with elastic fibres to withstand the high pressure of blood flow.
• The arteries have small lumen.