2. Types of Culture

• What is cultural diversity?

  The differences and variety found in society
• What is intercultural diversity?

  Differences between diversity
• What are 3 examples of intercultural diversity?

  1. Hamar Tribe
  2. Ik of Northern Uganda
  3. Margaret Mead (1935)
• What is intracultural diversity?


  Differences within cultures
• What 3 examples of intracultural diversity?

  1. Ethnic
  2. Social
  3. Regional
• What is cultural hybridity?

  2 or more cultures merge to create a new culture
• Give 2 examples of cultural hybridity

  1. Nayak : White Wannabes
  2. Johal : White masks
• Give 2 examples of cultural diversity

  • Intercultural diversity
  • Intracultural diversity
• What is the White Wannabes : Nayak?

  Term used to describe white British males who dress, act and speak in a way that is influenced by Black hip-hop culture
• What are the White Masks: Johal?

  Adopting a white mask in order to interact with white peers at school/college but emphasising their cultural differences when necessary

  E.g. Asian youth inheriting an Asian identity and adopting a British one
• What is a subculture? (3 definitions)

  1. A culture within a culture
  2. A smaller grouping of people
  3. A group who share distinctive norms and values which differ from a wider culture
• What are 2 examples of a subculture?

  1. Youth groups : Emos and Skaters
  2. New Age traveller groups
• Explain the Anti-School Subcultures that Willis: Learning to Labour had studied

  • Working class boys were called the "lads"
  • They saw themselves as school failures but had made this a good thing
  • They disliked and bullied the "ear-oles" who they saw as weak and not "macho"
  • They spent their time messing around and "having a laff"
• WILLIS : Why did the "lads" spend their time messing around in school?

  They knew they were going to get jobs in the local factory
• What has Willis concluded about the school for the "lads"

  The school has prepared them perfectly for work
• Give 4 features of subcultures

  1. Commitment
  2. Identity
  3. Distinctiveness
  4. Autonomy
• What is a High Culture?

  The cultural practices that are associated with the powerful, wealthy, elite or upper social classes
• What is The canon?

  A collection of work in the fields like art, literature and music which are considered to have a timeless value
• What is the cultural importance of The canon?

  They are special because they represent the nation's cultural heritage
• Why does Frank and Queenie defend the Superior: High Culture?

  The work in The canon is timeless

  It has a humanising influence
• What is an Elitist?

  A small elite which operates a system of social closure
• ETLIST: What do the cultural products tend to require

  A high level of education on the part of the audience, limiting accessibility to the average person
• Give 2 examples of high culture

  1. Sports like polo and lacrosse
  2. Music like Beethoven
• What is Popular culture also referred to as?

  Mass culture
• Explain what Popular Culture is

  Popular culture is enjoyed by the majority of the population and is associated with entertainment
• What does Strinati argue about Popular culture?

  The media is largely responsible for treating popular culture in the contemporary UK
• What are the 5 main features of current Pop culture that reflects Postmodern influences?

  1. Breakdown of the distinction between culture and society
  2. Style at the expense of substance
  3. Breakdown of the distinction between High Culture and Popular Culture
  4. Confusion over time and space
  5. Decline of meta-narratives
• How do Marxists view Popular Culture?

  • They see Popular culture as something that fuels consumer (spending) culture
  • Strengthens Capitalism as Popular and Consumer Culture
• MARXIST : In what ways has the world become more consumer-orientated?

  Through digital television and mass communication
• What did Clarke and Critchel (1995) state about Popular Culture?

  We are not free to make choices because our consumption of Popular Culture is shaped by advertising and global capitalism
• State the inferiorities of Popular Culture

  • Lack in taste (Uncultured)
  • Sentimental (Over-emotional)
  • Superficial (easy, lightweight, undemanding, unintellectual)
  • Addictive
  • Dangerous as it tempts us away from the rewarding qualities of "real" culture
• Give 2 examples of Popular Culture

  1. ITV's The X Factor
  2. Disney's Lion King
• What is Consumer culture?

  Where buying and spending is central to a society
• What is Conspicuous Consumption?

  The buying of particular brands, logos and designer goods as status symbols
• CONSPICIOUS CONSUMPTION : Why are goods brought?

  For the specific purpose of displaying one's wealth
• What does Lury (1996) identify as some key features of consumer culture?

  • The availability of a wide range of consumer goods
  • Shopping is seen as a leisure pursuit
  • Different forms of shopping are available
  • Being in debt is accepted as a social norm
  • Packaging and promotion of goods is a large-scale business
• What did Alexander Schouten et. al (2019) state about Consumer Culture and the Internet?

  • Social media influencers have an impact on our buying habits
  • They are more trustworthy than celebrities
  • Influencers are more effective product endorsers than traditional celebrities
  • Followers of online influencers are more likely to consume products that are recommended
• What is Global Culture?

  Growing trend of cultural products and activities becoming universal

  
  

  People around the world are becoming part of an one all-embracing culture
• What is Globalisation?

  Process by which the world becomes more interconnected, and activities in different countries influence each other
• What does McLuhan state about the Global village?

  • Physical distance and time differences are much less of an issue in communication between people
  • This giving people the ability to create and maintain much stronger social relationships