Feminism w pea

• Androgyny

  The possession of both male and female characteristics; used to imply that human beings are sexless ‘persons’
• Consciousness-raising

  Strategies to remodel social identity and challenge cultural inferiority by an emphasis on pride, self-worth and self-assertion.
• Cultural feminism

  Emphasises an engagement with a woman-centred culture and lifestyle, typically repelled by corrupting and aggressive male world of political activism.
• Difference feminism?

  It holds that there are deep and possibly ineradicable differences between men and women, whether these are biological, cultural or material.
• How does discrimination affect women's choices in a patriarchal society?


  It limits women's choices, economic prospects, and career options, resulting in lower pay and poor job security.
• What is the goal of equality feminism?

  To achieve sexual equality defined in formal rights, control of resources, or personal power.
• What does equality of opportunity refer to?

  Equality defined in terms of life chances or opportunities, allowing people to rise or fall based on personal differences.
• What does the term essentialism imply?

  It is the belief that things have a core or fundamental nature, suggesting biological factors are crucial in determining psychological and behavioral traits.
• When did first-wave feminism develop?

  In the mid-19th century, was asked on sexual equality in political an legal rights, especially suffrage.
• What is gender?

  A social and cultural distinction between males and females.
• What does gender equality entail?

  All genders having equal legal and political rights, sexual autonomy, and self-determination.
• What are gender stereotypes?

  Generalizations about the character and role of each gender.
• How does difference feminism differ from equality feminism?

  Difference feminism emphasizes inherent differences between genders, while equality feminism focuses on achieving equal rights and opportunities.
• If a society promotes gender stereotypes, what impact might this have on gender equality?

  It may hinder the progress towards gender equality by reinforcing traditional roles and limiting opportunities.
• What is the significance of first-wave feminism in the context of women's rights?

  It was based on the pursuit of sexual equality in political and legal rights, especially suffrage.
• How do essentialism and gender stereotypes relate to each other?

  Essentialism suggests that biological factors determine gender traits, which can lead to the formation of gender stereotypes.
• What is the term used to describe the framework for analysis of injustice and social inequality that emphasizes the residential or multifaceted nature of personal identity?

  intersectionality
• What does 'legal quality' imply in the context of feminism?

  Each and every individual, regardless of gender, is treated equally under the law.
• What is the idea behind 'lesbian separatism’ in feminist theory?

  To truly be removed from the patriarchy, women should exist without men and engage in lesbian relationships.
• What does 'liberal feminism' advocate in terms of gender rights?

  It calls for equal rights for women and men in the public sphere, grounded in the belief that sexual differences are irrelevant to personal worth.
• How does the theory of 'otherness' relate to feminism?

  It argues that women are seen as inferior to men, who are considered normal, while being female is viewed as abnormal and imperfect.
• What does the term 'patriarchy' refer to?

  Rule by the father, describing the dominance of men and subordination of women in society.
• What is meant by 'political equality' in feminist discourse?

  Members of a society are of equal standing in terms of political power or influence, regardless of gender.
• What does 'post-modern feminism' emphasize?

  Argues that patriarchy manifests in different ways depending on woman’s race, class etc + how women’s identities are reconstructed.
• What is the difference between the private sphere and the public sphere?

  The private sphere concerns aspects of life related to the individual and their closed family and friends, while the public sphere concerns social, political, and economic life that affects the whole community.
• What is the focus of radical feminism?

  Radical feminism argues that gender divisions are the most politically significant of social divisions, and believes that they are rooted in the structures of domestic life.
• What do reformist feminists aim to achieve?

  Liberal feminists that wish to reform society rather than transform it, often used derogatively by radical feminists.
• What does the term 'reserve army of labour' refer to in socialist feminism?

  It suggests that in industrial capitalist systems, women form a group to increase short-term output while keeping wages low, and are then dispensed with when not required.
• What characterizes second-wave feminism?

  It emerged in the 1960s and 70s, characterized by a more radical concern with 'women's liberation', including the private sphere.
• What does 'sex' refer to in feminist theory?

  It refers to biological differences between men and women, seen as inevitable, natural, and unalterable.
• What is socialist feminism's view on women's liberation?

  It links the subordination of women to the dynamics of the capitalist economic system, emphasizing that women's liberation requires radical social change.
• What are the key ideas of Simone de Beauvoir in feminist theory?

  • Existentialism
  • Otherness
  • Most important work: The Second Sex (1949)
  • Significant quote: "One is not born, but rather becomes a woman."
• What are the key ideas of Charlotte Perkins Gilman in feminist theory?

  • Politics of sameness
  • Economic independence
  • Sex slavery
  • Most important work: Women in Economics (1897)
  • Significant quote: "Women are economic factors in society. But so are horses."
• What are the key ideas of Sheila Rowbotham in feminist theory?

  • Critique of Marxism
  • Economic determination.
  • Revolution within a revolution.
  • Most important work: Women’s Consciousness, Men’s World (1973)
• What are the key ideas of Kate Millett in feminist theory?

  • Heterosexuality
  • Personal is political
  • Sexual revolution
  • Most important work: Sexual Politics (1960)
  • Significant quote: "The lesbian is the archetypical feminist."
• What are the key ideas of bell hooks in feminist theory?

  • Intersectionality
  • Power of love
  • Self-hatred
  • Most important work: Feminism is for Everybody (2000)
  • Significant quote: "Feminism is for everybody."
• What are the key themes of human nature by liberal feminists?

  • Women are rational beings deserving equal opportunities.
  • Cultural attitudes are powerful and persuasive that women and men thought of them as normal rather than artificial (Friedan)
  • Women are naturally free and should be given the same liberty as men in determine their roles in society.
• What are the key themes of human nature by socialist feminists?

  • Human nature has been corrupted by capitalism and patriarchy.
  • Human nature is malleable and can improve with societal change. (Abolishing patriarchy + capitalist state)
  • Women's consciousness is created by men as part of the capitalist machine.
• What are the key themes of human nature by radical feminism?

  • Women can free themselves from male oppression through lesbian relationships.
  • All men are predisposed to oppress women.
  • Sisterhood should be embraced, but gender differences may need to be removed.
  • Challenge the idea that men naturally inhabit in public Sphere and women in the private sphere
• What are the key themes of human nature by post-modern feminism?

  • Women have multiple identities, thus have different forms of oppression
  • ”woman, feminine, masculine” have no meaning and humans exist amongst a spectrum of qualities
  • Advocates for fluid gender expression and re-examination of language.