Unit 1

• What are centile lines?


  Lines on a graph to show average measurements of height, weight, and head circumference.
• What do development norms describe?

  A description of an average set of expectations with respect to a young child's development.
• What is a milestone in child development?


  An ability achieved by most children by a certain age, involving physical, social, and emotional skills.
• What are the aspects of well-being mentioned in the study material?

  • Physical well-being: Height, weight, changes in mobility, exercise, diet.
  • Intellectual well-being: Use of mental abilities to expand knowledge and skills.
  • Emotional well-being: Positive sense of well-being enabling functioning in society.
  • Social well-being: Building and maintaining healthy relationships.
• What age range does infancy cover?

  0-2 years
• What age range does early childhood cover?

  1. 8 years
• What age range does adolescence cover?

  1. 18 years
• What age range does early adulthood cover?

  19-45 years
• What age range does middle adulthood cover?

  46-60 years
• What age range does older age cover?

  65+ years
• What are gross motor skills and fine motor skills?

  • Gross motor skills: Large movements involving the large muscles of the body required for mobility (e.g., rolling over).
  • Fine motor skills: Smaller movements that require precise direction (e.g., grasping small objects).
• What is puberty?


  The time in life when a person becomes sexually mature.
• What are the female sexual characteristics that develop during puberty?

  Breast growth and increased height.
• What hormone is responsible for growth and repair of the uterine lining?

  Oestrogen
• What hormone is primarily produced in the testes?

  Testosterone
• What physical changes occur during early adulthood (19-24 years)?

  • Physical strength peaks.
  • Young adults reach their peak age of physical performance between 19-28 years.
  • Full height and strength are achieved.
  • Reaction time and manual dexterity are at their peak.
• What hormonal changes occur during pregnancy?

  Increase in progesterone to maintain pregnancy and increase in oestrogen which can cause sickness.
• What is life expectancy?


  An estimate number of years people might live until.
• How does life expectancy differ between genders according to the study material?

  Females have a higher life expectancy than males.
• What happens to health in later adulthood (65+ years)?

  Deterioration in health occurs, leading to changes in body systems and organs that can impact lifestyle.
• What are common health issues in later adulthood?

  Heart becomes more susceptible to disease, individuals lose height, and hearing problems may arise.
• What is menopause?


  The ending of female fertility, including the cessation of menstruation and reduction in production of female sex hormones.
• What is perimenopause?


  The period leading up to menopause when a woman begins to produce less oestrogen.
• What are symptoms of perimenopause?


  Hot flushes, mood swings, fatigue, and vaginal dryness.
• What are the stages of intellectual development according to Piaget?

  1. Sensorimotor stage (0-2 years): Infants interact with the world using their senses.
  2. Preoperational stage (2-7 years): Language and imaginative play develop.
  3. Concrete operational stage (7-11 years): Understanding of simple logical principles.
  4. Formal operational stage (11-18 years): Ability to think abstractly and solve complex problems.
• What is equilibrium in Piaget's theory?

  A state of cognitive balance when a child's experience aligns with their understanding.
• What is disequilibrium in Piaget's theory?

  A state of cognitive imbalance between experience and what is understood.
• What is a schema according to Piaget?

  A category of knowledge and the process of acquiring knowledge.
• What is conservation in child development?

  The understanding that changing the shape of a substance does not change its mass.
• What are some criticisms of Piaget's theory?

  Only a small number of children were observed, and other research suggests children take longer to master abstract thinking.
• What did Bruner believe about children's learning?

  With adult help, children excel to higher levels.
• What is the fastest learning period for children?

  Between 2-5 years.
• What is the significance of the five senses in Piaget's theory?


  They are used by infants to interact with the world.
• What is the role of language in Piaget's preoperational stage?


  Language and imaginative play start to develop.
• How do children in the concrete operational stage understand logical principles?


  They can understand simple logical principles if the issue is concrete.
• What can adolescents do in the formal operational stage?


  They can refer to objects that are not in front of them and solve complex math problems in their heads.
• What is the importance of schemas in cognitive development?

  Schemas help children develop concepts about the world around them.
• What happens when a child's schemas are upset?

  They reach a state of disequilibrium.
• What is the significance of the conservation concept in child development?

  It shows that children can understand that mass remains the same despite changes in shape.
• What is the impact of adult help on children's learning according to Bruner?


  Adult help can enable children to excel to higher levels.