Biomolecules

• Water is a polar molecule
• The oxygen atoms in water are slightly negative
• The hydrogen atoms in water are slightly positive
• hydrogen bonding- weak intermolecular forces between a slighty negative atom and a slightly positive hydrogen atom in a molecule
• condensation reaction- two molecules joined together with the removal of water. A new bond is formed
• Hydrolysis- Two molecules split apart by the addition of water
• Monomers- Small units of a polymer
• Polymer- a large molecule made up of many smaller molecules called monomers
• Monosaccarides- Simple sugars
• Glucose+ Glucose -> Maltose
• Glucose+ fructose -> Sucrose
• Galactose + glucose -> Lactose
• Polysaccharides- Two or more monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic bonds
• Functions of starch- storage, energy, and food
• Features of starch- Does not change water potential in a cell because it is insoluble in water
• Amylopectin- A branched chain of alpha glucose monomers

  Branched structure means that the enzymes can easily access the glycosidic bonds and glucose can be easily released when needed.
• Amylose- long unbranched chain of alpha glucose, has a helix structure.

  Can pack closely together, good for storage.
• Function of glycogen- When blood glucose levels decrease, glycogen is broken down to release glucose (glycogenolysis)
• Phospholipid- Molecule consisting of glycerol, two fatty acids and one phosphate group
• Glycodidic bonds- Formed between two monosaccharides by a condensation reaction
• Ester bonds- The bonds between glycerol and fatty acids
• Peptide bond- Formed between two amino acids via condensation
• Protein structure?

  H H O

  \ | //

  N - C - C

  / | \

  H R OH
• Primary structure of amino acids?


  Amino acids in a polypeptide chain are arranged in a specific sequence.

  A change to the amino acids could change the proteins structure and function.
• Secondary structure?


  Amino acids in a polypeptide chain can form hydrogen bonds with other amino acids.

  This causes the protein to fold in specific structures.

  The folding determines the secondary structure.

  The structure is stable