history-medicine 1000-present

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  Go to the diagnostics page to see what's wrong.
• What is the purpose of the diagnostics page mentioned in the study material?

  To help identify and resolve issues with viewing the page.
• The first successful heart transplant was performed by Christiaan Barnard on December 3, 1967.
• In the early 20th century, medical research focused on understanding diseases at the cellular level.
• Medical researchers began to understand how cells functioned and communicated with one another.
• Joseph Lister


  Introduced antiseptic treatment to surgery, reducing infections.
• Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen


  Discovered X-rays, allowing for non-invasive medical imaging.
• Louis Pasteur


  Developed vaccine for rabies, revolutionizing disease prevention.
• Robert Koch


  Identified bacteria as the cause of many diseases, leading to the development of antibiotics.
• William Morton


  Developed process for using ether anesthesia, making surgery less painful.
• Pasteur's Rabies Vaccine


  Reduced rabies deaths by 90% in Europe, significantly reducing rabies deaths worldwide.
• Public Health Infrastructure


  Pasteur's work established a foundation for modern public health infrastructure, leading to improvements in sanitation, hygiene, and disease prevention.
• Mass Vaccination


  Successful large-scale vaccination efforts have saved countless lives and prevented outbreaks of diseases like cholera, typhoid, and yellow fever.
• Global Health Impact

  Pasteur's rabies vaccine has saved millions of lives worldwide, increasing life expectancy and having a profound impact on global health.
• Galen's Unnecessary Complications


  Introduced unnecessary complications to medical procedures, hindering the development of more effective treatments.
• Galen's Resistance


  Refused to dissect human bodies, leading to a lack of understanding of human anatomy and hindering medical knowledge and innovation.
• Scientific Inquiry


  Faltered to encourage scientific inquiry and experimentation in medicine, instead emphasizing empirical observation, and hindering the development of new knowledge and treatments.
• Vaccination

  Edward Jenner developed the first vaccine against smallpox, revolutionizing disease prevention and ultimately leading to the eradication of smallpox worldwide.
• Medical Breakthrough


  Jenner's discovery of vaccination demonstrated the power of vaccination, paving the way for future medical innovations and research.
• Global Impact


  Jenner's efforts prevented smallpox outbreaks and reduced mortality rates, saving countless lives and having a profound impact on global health.
• Legacy


  Jenner's legacy inspires generations of scientists and healthcare professionals to continue the pursuit of medical innovation, shaping the course of medicine and influencing the development of new vaccines and treatments.
• Alexander Fleming


  Alexander Fleming accidentally discovered penicillin in 1928, leading to the development of the first antibiotic.
• Penicillin Development


  Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain purified and tested penicillin, leading to its first clinical trials and widespread adoption.
• Penicillin's Impact


  Penicillin revolutionized the treatment of bacterial infections, saving countless lives and transforming modern medicine.
• Transforming Infection Treatment

  Penicillin replaced surgical amputations and other invasive treatments for bacterial infections, saving countless lives and improving patient outcomes.
• Increased Survival Rates

  Penicillin enabled patients to recover from infections that were previously fatal, increasing survival rates and improving public health.
• New Era in Antibiotic Development

  Penicillin's discovery stimulated research into other antibiotics, leading to the development of a wide range of antimicrobial agents and establishing antibiotic therapy as a cornerstone of modern medicine.
• Redefined Surgical Practices

  Penicillin's ability to treat infections reduced the risk of post-operative complications, allowing surgeons to perform procedures with greater confidence and precision.
• Investigating Cholera


  John Snow investigated the 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak, identifying the primary source of infection as a contaminated water pump.
• Waterborne Transmission


  John Snow's discovery of waterborne transmission challenged the miasma theory and paved the way for the germ theory of disease, revolutionizing our understanding of disease transmission.
• Improving Water Quality


  John Snow's work led to the installation of water filtration systems and improved waste management, significantly reducing the incidence of waterborne diseases.
• Contagion Theory


  John Snow's research on the 1854 outbreak contributed to the development of the contagion theory, emphasizing the role of germ transmission in disease spread.
• The Miasma Theory


  The miasma theory posited that diseases, including cholera, were caused by a noxious, invisible "bad air" or "miasma" that rose from decaying matter, sewers, and other sources.
• Environmental Factors


  Proponents of the miasma theory believed that environmental factors, such as climate, weather, and geography, played a role in the spread of disease.
• Lack of Germ Theory


  The miasma theory was based on the idea that diseases were caused by moral or environmental factors, rather than by the presence of microorganisms, which was a key concept of the germ theory.