Alcohols 2

• What is the functional group present in alcohols?

  Hydroxy group (–OH)
• What defines a primary alcohol?

  A primary alcohol has one alkyl group attached to the carbon with the hydroxy group.
• Give an example of a primary alcohol.

  Butan-1-ol
• How do secondary alcohols differ from primary alcohols?

  Secondary alcohols have two alkyl groups attached to the carbon with the hydroxy group.
• What is an example of a secondary alcohol?

  Butan-2-ol
• What characterizes tertiary alcohols?

  Tertiary alcohols have three alkyl groups attached to the carbon with the hydroxy group.
• Provide an example of a tertiary alcohol.

  1. Methylpropan-2-ol
• Why is it important to distinguish between primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols?

  They react differently when oxidized.
• What is the process of dehydration in the context of alcohols?

  Dehydration is the elimination of water from an alcohol to form an alkene.
• What is a sustainable method to produce alkenes from alcohols?

  Using alcohol made via fermentation of glucose from plants.
• What is the role of an acid catalyst in the dehydration of alcohols?

  The acid catalyst, such as sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid, facilitates the elimination of water.
• What are the two types of acid catalysts mentioned for dehydration reactions?

  Sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid.
• What happens during the dehydration mechanism of alcohols?

  Water is removed, forming a carbocation intermediate and then an alkene.
• How does the dehydration of non-primary alcohols differ from primary alcohols?

  Non-primary alcohols can yield two different alkenes due to the position of the double bond.
• What is the purpose of distillation in the dehydration of alcohols?

  Distillation separates the useful alkene from impurities based on boiling points.
• What is the first step in making cyclohexene from cyclohexanol?

  Distillation.
• Why are anti-bumping granules used during distillation?

  They prevent violent boiling by allowing smooth boiling processes.
• What is the boiling point of cyclohexanol?

  83°C.
• What happens to the chemicals with boiling points less than 83°C during distillation?

  They evaporate and are collected in the condenser.
• What is the purpose of adding water during the separation step after distillation?

  To dissolve soluble impurities and separate them from the desired product.
• What is the drying agent used in the purification step of cyclohexene?

  Calcium chloride.
• How do you know when all the water has been removed from the sample using a drying agent?

  When the drying agent no longer clumps together and has freely moving grains.
• What is the process of hydration of alkenes?

  Hydration is the addition of water to an alkene to form an alcohol.
• What conditions are needed for the hydration of alkenes?

  Steam, an acid catalyst, 300°C, and 60 atmospheres of pressure.
• What is the role of the H+ ion in the hydration mechanism?

  The H+ ion forms a bond with the alkene to create a carbocation intermediate.
• What happens to the carbocation intermediate during hydration?

  It stabilizes by losing a hydrogen ion and forming the alcohol product.
• What is the product formed from the hydration of ethene?

  Ethanol.
• How is fermentation related to the production of alcohols?

  Fermentation is a sustainable method to produce alcohols from glucose.
• What is the product formed when the bond between hydrogen and oxygen is broken in the reaction described?

  Ethanol (C$_2$H$_5$OH)
• What role does the H⁺ ion play in the reaction described?

  It acts as a catalyst that is reformed at the end of the reaction.
• How does fermentation serve as a sustainable method for producing ethanol?

  It uses glucose from plants, making it a renewable source compared to crude oil.
• What conditions are required for fermentation to occur?

  Anaerobic conditions with the presence of yeast.
• What are the products of the fermentation of glucose?

  • Ethanol (C$_2$H$_5$OH)
  • Carbon dioxide (CO₂)
• What is the optimum temperature range for enzyme activity during fermentation?

  30 to 40°C.
• What happens to the rate of reaction if the temperature is too low during fermentation?

  The reaction rate becomes too slow for industrial efficiency.
• What occurs to enzymes at high temperatures during fermentation?

  They become denatured and lose their functionality.
• What is the purpose of fractional distillation in the fermentation process?

  To obtain and purify the ethanol produced.
• What is a significant advantage of using fermentation to produce ethanol?

  It requires very little equipment and is a cheap process.
• Why is biofuel like ethanol considered renewable?

  It is made from dead biological matter and can be replenished.
• Which country is known for its significant use of biofuels, particularly ethanol?

  Brazil.