other contraceptives

• Lactational amenorrhoea

  Temporary infertility that follows birth of child 

  • When woman is not menstruating and fully breastfeeding 

  Relies on breastfeeding affecting production of hormones so ovulation is suppressed 

  • Chances of pregnancy is therefore reduced 
• Lactational amenorrhoea

  Effective when, 

  • Menstrual periods have not returned
  • Baby is being fully breastfed
  • Baby is less than six months old 
• Coitus interruptus (pulling out)

  Removal of penis just before male orgasm so ejaculation takes place outside vagina
• Coitus interruptus 

  Highly unreliable 

  • Relies on male being able to recognise sensations that occur before ejaculation 
  • Requires considerable self-control for withdrawal 
  • Even if withdrawn in time, some sperm may escape in pre-ejaculation fluid 
• Spermicide 

  Works in 2 ways : 

  • Contain substance that immobilises and destroys sperm 
  • React with moisture in vagina, forming bubbles of CO2 which presents a physical barrier to the sperm
• Spermicide

  Very unreliable when used alone 

  Add to effectiveness of barrier methods
• Emergency contraception 

  Morning-after pill / emergency contraceptive pill 

  Can prevent pregnancy if taken 4-5 days after

  Prevents / delays ovulation - preventing sperm from reaching an egg
• Emergency contraception

  Sooner it is taken after sex, the more effective

  Effectiveness much reduced after 72 hours
• Emergency contraception

  Side effects - not common 

  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Headache
  • Stomach ache 
• Emergency contraception

  IUD can also be effective emergency contraception 

  99% effective if inserted within 5 days of intercourse