Extra help

• What is a catalyst


  Speeds up chemical reactions without being used up

  Ex. Enzymes in our body
• What is and isn’t enzyme

  Building reactions: Ex. Making proteins from amino acids (anabolic)

  Break-down reactions: Ex. Digesting foods to extract nutrients (catabolic)
• Parts of enzymes

  Substrate

  Active site

  Co-factors

  co-enzymes

  Competitive inhibitors
• Co-Enzymes and Co-Factors 


  Co-Enzymes: made of vitamins (organic)

  Co-Factors: made of minerals (in-organic)

  Both help to make the enzyme fit better with the substrate
• Mechanisms that control enzymes 


  Used to turn enzymes on and off
• What happens when there is too much final product 


  Stop the FIRST enzyme in the pathway until all the product is used up = FEEDBACK INHIBITION

  Ex. When ATP level are high, it stops the enzyme that makes more ATP
• What happens when you have too much initial substrate

  Activate the LAST enzyme so that all the others have to follow suit = PRECURSOR ACTIVATION

  Ex. Insulin is activated from its precursor form to help regulate blood sugar
• Factors that effect enzyme activity

  Temperature

  pH

  Enzyme substrate concentration

  competitive inhibitors

  co-factors + co-enzymes
• Competitive inhibitors

  chemicals that are similar to the shape of substrates but they do not leave the enzyme once bonded

  Ex. Sulfa drugs (antibiotics)