Immunohema

• What is the ISBT code for the ABO blood group system?

  ISBT 001
• What is the ISBT code for the Rh blood group system?

  ISBT 004
• What is the ISBT code for the Kell blood group system?

  ISBT 006
• What is the most common blood group?

  O
• What is the purpose of forward/direct typing in blood typing?

  To identify the presence of antigens on red blood cells (RBCs)
• What reagents are used in forward typing?

  Anti-A, Anti-B, and Anti-AB
• What is the specimen used for serum typing?

  Serum containing antibodies
• What is the major advantage of gel typing?

  Standardization
• What are the agglutination grades in gel typing?

  • 0: Unagglutinated cells at the bottom
  • 1+: Agglutinated cells may concentrate at the bottom
  • 2+: Agglutinated cells throughout the length
  • 3+: Agglutinated cells concentrate near the top
  • 4+: Agglutinated cells at the top
  • Mixed-field: Agglutinated cells at the top, unagglutinated at the bottom
• What is the universal donor blood group?

  Group O
• What is the universal recipient blood group?

  Group AB
• What does RCS stand for in blood banking?

  Red cell suspension
• What is the approximate percentage of RCS?

  1. 5%
• What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?

  Genotype is one's genetic makeup, while phenotype is the expression of those genes
• What does homozygous mean?

  In double dose
• What does heterozygous mean?

  In single dose
• What is a dominant allele?

  An allele that is always expressed even in the heterozygous state
• What is a recessive allele?

  An allele that is not expressed when a dominant gene is present
• What is an allele?

  One of two or more different genes that may occupy a specific locus on a chromosome
• What does a silent/amorph allele indicate?

  It indicates the absence of the antigen
• What are the subgroups of A blood type?

  A1 (80%) and A2 (20%)
• What is the lectin source of anti-A1?

  Dolichos biflorus
• What are the possible genotypes for blood type A1?

  • A1A1
  • A1A2
  • A1O
• What are the possible genotypes for blood type A2?

  • A2A2
  • A2O
  • A1B
  • A2B
• What gene is responsible for the production of glycosyltransferase?

  Glycosyltransferase gene
• What is the immunodominant sugar for blood group A?

  1. acetyl-D-galactosamine
• What is the immunodominant sugar for blood group B?

  1. galactose
• What is the immunodominant sugar for blood group AB?

  1. acetyl-D-galactosamine and D-galactose
• What is the significance of the Bombay individual?

  They lack H, A, and B antigens and are designated as Oh
• What is the role of anti-H antibodies?

  They differentiate Group O from Oh individuals
• What is the source of anti-H lectin?

  Ulex europaeus
• What are the characteristics of ABO antibodies?

  • Mixture of IgM, IgG, and IgA
  • Predominantly IgM reacts at room temperature
  • Naturally occurring
  • Immune antibodies are predominantly IgG and react at 37°C
• What stimulates the production of immune antibodies?

  Pregnancy and incompatible transfusion and transplant
• What is the significance of group I discrepancies?

  They involve weak reacting or missing antibodies
• What is the significance of group II discrepancies?

  They involve weak reacting or missing antigens
• What is the significance of group III discrepancies?

  They result from plasma abnormalities leading to rouleaux formation
• What is the remedy for group III discrepancies caused by Wharton’s jelly?

  Wash cord cells 6-8 times
• What are the unexpected ABO isoagglutinins?

  • Anti-H: produced by A1 and A1B (H antigen)
  • Anti-A1: produced by A2 and A2B (no A1 antigen)
• What is the significance of the A subgroup A3?

  A3 shows mixed-field agglutination with anti-A and anti-A,B
• What is the significance of the B subgroup B3?

  B3 shows mixed-field agglutination with anti-B and anti-A,B