MICROPARA M2

• What are prokaryotes lacking that distinguishes them from eukaryotes?

  Prokaryotes lack a cell nucleus and membrane-encased organelles.
• How is the DNA structured in prokaryotes compared to eukaryotes?

  In prokaryotes, DNA is a single loop, while in eukaryotes, DNA is organized into chromosomes.
• What type of organisms are most prokaryotes?

  Most prokaryotes are unicellular organisms.
• What are the two groups into which prokaryotes are divided?

  Prokaryotes are divided into Bacteria and Archaea.
• What is the significance of some bacteria like E. Coli and Salmonella?

  Some bacteria can cause disease, while others are helpful for human digestion.
• Where can Archaea be found, and what is unique about them?

  Archaea can live in extreme environments such as hydrothermal vents or arctic ice.
• What are the main parts of a typical prokaryotic cell?

  • Cell Wall
  • Cytoplasm
  • Flagella and Pili
  • Nucleoid
  • Plasmid
• What is the function of the cell wall in prokaryotic cells?

  The cell wall surrounds and protects the cell.
• What is the cytoplasm in a prokaryotic cell?

  The cytoplasm is all the material inside a cell except the nucleus.
• What are flagella and pili in prokaryotic cells?

  Flagella and pili are protein-based filaments found on the outside of some prokaryotic cells.
• What is the nucleoid in a prokaryotic cell?

  The nucleoid is a nucleus-like region of the cell where genetic material is kept.
• What is a plasmid in prokaryotic cells?

  A plasmid is a small molecule of DNA that can reproduce independently.
• What distinguishes eukaryotes from prokaryotes?

  Eukaryotes possess a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
• What types of organisms are classified as eukaryotes?

  Eukaryotes include animals, plants, fungi, and protists.
• What are the main structures and organelles found in typical animal cells?

  • Cell (Plasma) Membrane
  • Centrioles
  • Cilia and Flagella
  • Cytoplasm
  • Cytoskeleton
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Golgi Complex
  • Lysosomes
  • Microtubules
  • Mitochondria
  • Nucleus
  • Nucleolus
  • Nucleopore
  • Peroxisomes
  • Ribosomes
• What is the function of the plasma membrane in eukaryotic cells?

  The plasma membrane is a thin, semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell.
• What are centrioles and their role in the cell?

  Centrioles are cylindrical structures that organize the assembly of microtubules during cell division.
• What is the role of cilia and flagella in eukaryotic cells?

  Cilia and flagella aid in cellular locomotion.
• What is the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells?

  The cytoplasm is the gel-like substance within the cell.
• What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

  The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers that gives the cell support and helps maintain its shape.
• What is the endoplasmic reticulum and its types?

  The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranous tubes and canals, with rough ER having ribosomes and smooth ER lacking ribosomes.
• What is the function of ribosomes in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

  Ribosomes are responsible for protein assembly.
• What are the differences in ribosome sizes between fungi and bacteria?

  Fungi have 80s ribosomes, while bacteria have 70s ribosomes.
• What is the function of the Golgi bodies?

  Golgi bodies chemically modify and sort products of the endoplasmic reticulum.
• What are vacuoles and their function in fungal cells?

  Vacuoles are surrounded by membranes and act as water storage areas within the cell.
• How do spores differ between fungi and bacteria?

  Fungi do not produce endospores like bacteria do.
• What are pili and their two classes?

  Pili are smaller than flagella and play a role in adherence; the two classes are ordinary pili and sex pili.
• What are the characteristics of viruses?

  Viruses are exceptionally small and lack structures normally associated with living cells.
• What is the structure of a virus?

  A virus is coated by a protein called capsid made up of protein subunits of capsomeres.
• How do viruses replicate?

  Viruses use either RNA or DNA as a template for the production of new viral nucleic acid and protein.
• Who developed the binomial system of naming organisms?


  Carl Von Linnaeus developed the binomial system.
• What are the two parts of a binomial name?

  The first word is the generic name, and the second word is the specific name.
• How are names given in handwritten documents and printed materials?

  In handwritten documents, names are underlined; in printed materials, they are italicized.
• What are the two types of cell walls found in a typical bacterial cell?

  Gram positive and gram negative
• What is the function of the cell wall in a bacterial cell?

  It surrounds the plasma membrane and protects the cell from environmental stress
• What is the characteristic of the cell membrane in bacterial cells?

  It is selectively permeable and consists of a phospholipid bilayer and proteins
• What does the cytoplasm of a bacterial cell contain?

  It is a gelatinous matrix made up of water, organic, and inorganic molecules
• What type of ribosomes are found in bacterial cells?

  70S ribosomes
• What is the primary function of ribosomes in bacterial cells?

  They are the site of protein synthesis
• What does the nucleoid in a bacterial cell contain?

  It contains the bacterial chromosome