Counseling Services, Methods, and Processes (DIASS)

• What are the main stages of counseling?

  1. Relationship Building
  2. Assessment and Diagnostic
  3. Formulation of Goals
  4. Termination and Follow-up
  5. Research and Evaluation
• What are the core conditions in the Relationship Building stage of counseling?

  • Empathy
  • Unconditional Positive Regard
  • Uniqueness and Dignity
  • Respect
  • Immediacy
  • Confrontation
  • Concreteness
  • Self-disclosure
• What is empathy in the context of counseling?

  Understanding and sharing the feelings of the client
• What does unconditional positive regard mean?


  Accepting and valuing the client without conditions
• Why is uniqueness and dignity important in counseling?

  It acknowledges the individual worth of each client
• What role does respect play in the counseling process?

  It fosters a trusting and safe environment for the client
• What is immediacy in counseling?

  Addressing the here-and-now feelings and experiences in the counseling session
• What does confrontation mean in the context of counseling?

  Challenging the client to face uncomfortable truths
• What is concreteness in counseling?


  Encouraging specific and clear communication about feelings and experiences
• What is self-disclosure in the counseling process?


  When the counselor shares personal experiences to enhance the therapeutic relationship
• What is the purpose of Formulation of Goals in counseling?

  It is a shared task and responsibility of counselors and clients to plan intended results
• What is the goal of Termination and Follow-up in counseling?

  To empower clients to reach independence from counseling and assess their ongoing needs
• What is the significance of Research and Evaluation in counseling?

  It advances the profession and improves counseling programs while ensuring accountability
• What are the key features of Solution-Focused Brief Counseling?

  • Focuses on solutions that work best for the client
  • Concentration on success leads to positive change
  • Clients generate their own solutions
  • Small changes can facilitate bigger changes
  • Capacity to solve problems during absence of symptoms
  • Identify positive and measurable goals
• What is the purpose of Scaling in Solution-Focused Brief Counseling?


  To assess or gauge the client’s progress using a 10-point continuum
• What are Exceptions in Solution-Focused Brief Counseling?

  Moments when the problem was not occurring, used to generate possible solutions
• What is the Miracle Question in Solution-Focused Brief Counseling?


  It prompts clients to think of what they really want and what it entails to achieve it
• What are the key features of Adlerian or Psychodynamic counseling?

  • Recognize and understand objective reasons for experiences
  • Improve interpersonal relationships and self-awareness
  • Use I-Messages to encourage responsibility
  • Acting As If to facilitate change in perception
  • Mutual Storytelling to gain insights through allegories
• What are I-Messages in Adlerian counseling?


  Messages that prod clients to take responsibility for their feelings and behaviors
• What does Acting As If mean in Adlerian counseling?

  Facilitating change in the client’s perception about an experience
• What is Mutual Storytelling in Adlerian counseling?

  Using allegories or metaphors related to the client’s stories to bring insight
• What are the key features of Gestalt counseling?

  • Focus on present moment experiences and existential meaning
  • Use of Empty Chair technique
  • Increase self-awareness through Body Movement and Exaggeration
  • Role Reversal to explore opposite behaviors
• What is the Empty Chair technique in Gestalt counseling?

  It helps clients express what they would likely say or act towards another person
• How does Body Movement and Exaggeration work in Gestalt counseling?

  It increases the client’s self-awareness regarding verbal and non-verbal messages
• What is Role Reversal in Gestalt counseling?


  It allows the counselor to explore the client's opposite behaviors
• What are the key features of Social Learning counseling?

  • Learning is most effective in a social context
  • Learning through real-life examples and direct experiences
  • Part of a continual process of observational learning
  • Modeling, Behavioral Rehearsal, and Role-play are key techniques
• What is Modeling in Social Learning counseling?

  Learning behaviors by observing and imitating a model
• What is Behavioral Rehearsal in Social Learning counseling?

  A type of role-play to learn new behaviors
• What is Role-play in Social Learning counseling?


  Facilitating the client’s understanding or change within themselves
• What are the key features of Cognitive counseling?

  • Improve by perceiving and thinking about problems through different perspectives
  • Understand how thoughts affect feelings and behaviors
  • Techniques include Self-talk, Visual/Guided Imagery, and Cognitive Restructuring
• What is Self-talk in Cognitive counseling?

  A pep-talk by the client to themselves to encourage positive thinking
• What is Visual/Guided Imagery in Cognitive counseling?

  A technique to work through conflicts and ease anxiety using vivid mental imagery
• What is Cognitive Restructuring in Cognitive counseling?

  • Two basic assumptions:
  • Self-defeating behaviors come from irrational thoughts
  • Clients can alter negative thought processes

  Goals by Meinchenbaum (1994):

  • Become aware of their thoughts
  • Alter negative thought processes
  • Change ideas about themselves and the world
• What are the key features of Behavioral counseling?

  • Behavior is reinforced by rewards or discouraged by punishment
  • Techniques include Token Economy, Time-out, and Response Cost
• What is Token Economy in Behavioral counseling?

  A system where individuals earn tokens for desired behaviors
• What is Time-out in Behavioral counseling?

  A negative punishment to discourage misbehavior
• What are the three types of Time-out?

  Seclusionary, Exclusionary, Non-seclusionary
• What is Response Cost in Behavioral counseling?

  Removing a positive stimulus to decrease occurrences of misbehavior
• What are the steps in implementing Response Cost?

  1. Identify target behavior
  2. Decide the penalty or cost
  3. Inform client about the cost of misbehavior
• What are standardized methods in psychological assessment?

  Standardized methods include psychological tests, IQ tests, mental ability tests, personality tests, and career tests.