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• What type of bacteria is Legionella pneumophila?

  Pleomorphic Gram-negative bacilli
• What is the motility characteristic of Legionella pneumophila?

  It is motile with a single polar flagellum
• Is Legionella pneumophila a sporulating bacterium?

  No, it is non-sporulating
• What is the significance of serotype-1 in Legionella pneumophila?

  It is the most important serotype among the more than 14 serotypes
• When was Legionella pneumophila first recognized?

  In 1977
• What type of pneumonia is caused by Legionella pneumophila?


  It causes a type of epidemic atypical pneumonia called Legionnaire disease
• What are the main risk factors for Legionnaire disease?

  Elderly over 50 years, immunocompromised individuals, smokers, diabetics, and men more than women
• What are the primary sources of infection for Legionnaire disease?

  Water sources like air conditioners, cooling towers, and plumbing systems
• How does Legionella pneumophila survive in its environment?

  It multiplies inside free-living amoeba and survives with biofilms
• What is the pathogenesis of Legionnaire disease?

  It is a facultative intracellular pathogen that multiplies in alveolar macrophages and blocks phagosome-lysosome fusion
• What is the incubation period for Legionnaire disease?

  1. 10 days
• What are some clinical features of Legionnaire disease?

  Dry cough, fever, headache, confusion and delirium, vomiting, and diarrhea
• What is Pontiac fever?


  It is a mild, flulike form of Legionella infection that does not result in pneumonia
• What is the method for diagnosing Legionella infection using sputum?

  Gram staining shows faint gram-negative bacilli
• What culture medium is used for Legionella pneumophila?

  Buffered charcoal-yeast agar (BCYE) medium supplemented with iron and cysteine
• What diagnostic method uses urine for Legionella detection?


  Legionella urine antigen test
• What are some treatment options for Legionnaire disease?

  Azithromycin, erythromycin, rifampin, and ciprofloxacin
• Why are penicillins and cephalosporins less effective against Legionella pneumophila?

  Because it produces B-lactamase
• What are the prevention methods for Legionnaire disease?

  • Chlorination of water
  • Heating water to >40°C followed by cooling to <20°C