Psychology

• Order effects

  The order in which participants carry out tasks in a study that will have an effect on the outcome
• Alternate hypothesis

  A prediction in the form of a testable statement
• Experimental hypothesis

  predicts a cause and effect relationship between the IV and DV
• confounding variables

  uncontrolled extraneous variables that have an effect on the results
• extraneous variables

  variables that might have an effect on the Dv
• reliability refers to the extent at which a research can be repeated to produce consistent results.
• replicability

  when a procedure of a research can be repeated
• standardised procedures

  a set of events that occur in the same way every time data is collected for a study.
• internal validity

  the extent to which a test on human behaviour accurately measures what it's supposed to
• predictive validity

  refers to how well a test or measure predicts future behaviour
• ecological validity

  the extent at which a research result obtained in one environmet can be generalised to another environment
• objectivity

  refers to the ability to carry out an investigation and collect data without allowing bias to influence the process
• subjectivity

  refers to the tendency to allow personal opinions and beliefs to influence data collection methods and how they are interpreted
• experimental hypothesis

  alternate non-directional (two-tailed)

  There will be a significant difference (in the DV) between (iv 1st condition) and (iv 2nd condition)

  alternate directional (one-tailed)

  1st condition will get better/worse scores (in the dv) than the 2nd condition

  null hypothesis

  there will be no significant difference (in the dv) between (IV1) and (IV2)

  or any difference between iv1 and iv2 is due to chance
• correlational hypothesis

  alternate non-directional hypothesis (2 tailed)

  there will be a significant correlation between variable 1 and variable 2

  alternate directional (1 tailed)

  there will be a significant positive/negative correlation between V1 and V2

  any correlation between v1 and v2 is due to chance

  there will be no significant correlations between v1 and v2
• validity

  the extent to which a study measures what its supposed to measure
• Operationalise

  how precisely a variable is measured or manipulated
• standardisation

  the materials used have to be the same for every participant
• pilot studies

  a smaller version of the actual study and allows modification and identification of problems
• participant variables

  variables from the participants that can have an effect on their performance
• randomisation

  random allocation of participants
• demand characteristics

  this refers to all the cues that participants might receive that indicate the purpose of the research
• researcher effects

  if a researcher knows the aims of the study and expected outcome, they may struggle to remain objective.
• Alternate hypothesis

  they are predictions in the form of a testable statement
• experimental hypothesis

  they predict a cause and effect relationship between the IV and DV
• correlational hypothesis

  it predicts a relationship between 2 co-variables
• Null hypothesis predict that any difference between 2 groups is due to chance
• target population

  the particular group we are interested in studying from which we draw our sample
• Random sample

  a sample which every member of the target population has an equal chance of being selected
• advantage of random sampling

  it provides the best chance of unbiased representative sample
• disadvantages of random sampling

  it is very easy to end up with a biased sample by chance
• types of non-random sampling

  opportunity sampling

  volunteer sampling

  stratified sampling
• opportunity samples

  involves the researcher selecting participants that are available to them at the time of the research
• code of ethics and conduct

  respect

  competence- the ability to use knowledge to a professional standard.

  integrity- be objective and challenge their behaviour in a professional context

  responsibility
• ethical issues

  right to withdraw

  competence

  confidentiality

  protection of participants

  deception

  colleagues' research
• why are animals used in researches

  similarities to humans

  good participants

  practical application on humans
• ethical guidelines

  legislation, replacing the use of animals, choices of species, number of animals, procedures, procurement of animals, animal care, disposal of animals
• 3 licenses

  personal license

  project license

  establishment license
• advantages of ethical guidelines

  animals are stored in high standards

  humans are not harmed
• disadvantages of ethical guidelines

  getting licenses are expensive

  variation of animals reduces

  animal safety is not always guaranteedn