C7-Organic chemistry

• What is a hydrocarbon?


  Compound made of carbon and hydrogen atoms.
• What are the five main homogolous sets of compounds? (Triple only)


  -Alkanes

  -Alkenes

  -Alcohols

  -Carboxylic acids

  -Esters
• What are the first four alkanes?


  -Methane

  -Ethane

  -Propane

  -Butane
• What is the formula for finding an alkane?

  CnH2n+2
• Why are alkanes saturated compounds?


  -The carbon atoms in the alkanes are fully bonded to as many atoms as they possibly can be.
• What are some properties of longer chained alkanes?


  -Lower flammability and higher boiling point (takes more energy to break the bonds)

  -Harder to ignite

  -Higher viscosity

  -Less volatile (do not evaporate as easy as shorter chained alkanes)
• What is the difference between complete and incomplete combustion?


  Complete combustion of a fuel means that it has been fully oxidised to form carbon dioxide and water ,whereas in incomplete combustion oxidisation has not fully happened to the products are different (usually forming carbon monoxide).
• What are some atmospheric pollutants and their dangers?

  -Carbon monoxide (CO): Odourless and colourless ,hard to detect

  -Carbon dioxide (CO2): contribute to global warming and the product of greenhouse gases

  -Sulphur oxide (SO2): Can produce acid rain
• How are the fractions of crude oil ordered?


  -From highest to lowest boiling point (hardest to evaporate to easiest to evaporate)

  1)Crude oil and residue

  2)Butamen

  3)Diesel

  4)Kerosene

  5)Napthar

  6)Petrol

  7)Gas
• What is cracking?


  -Cracking is the process of breaking a longer chained alkane down into a smaller chained alkane and an alkene.
• How can alkenes be tested for?


  -Adding bromine water to a fuel

  -If the solution turns colourless ,an alkene is present.

  -Bromine can detect the presence of double bonds ,which is the main identifier for an alkene.
• What is catalytic cracking?


  -The use of catalysts to break down an alkane.

  -The fuel is heated and the vapours pass over to the catalyst ,where it can then speed up the rate of cracking.

  -The gas from the fumes is collected in water and can then be tested with bromine to see whether an alkene is present.
• What is the functional group of an alcohol?


  Oxygen and hydrogen bonded together (singular bond).
• How can alcohols be produced?


  -Through fermentation of sugar

  -Hydration of alkends
• What are alcohols mainly used as?


  Solvents and fuels
• What are the first four alcohols?


  -Methanol

  -Ethanol

  -Propanol

  -Butanol
• What is the formula to find an alcohol?

  CnH2n+1OH
• Why do alcohols neutralise the pH when dissolved in water?


  Since the bonded oxygen and hydrogen are not ions ,they cannot make the solution alkaline/raise the pH.
• What is produced when alcohols are combusted?


  CO2 and water
• How can carboxylic acids be made?


  Through the oxidation of alcohols.
• What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?


  Carbon double bonded with an oxygen atom and singularly bonded to another oxygen atom and hydrogen atom.
• What are the first four carboxylic acids?


  -Methanoic acid

  -Ethanoic acid

  -Propanoic acid

  -Butanoic acid
• What happens when carboxylic acids dissolve in water?


  -Raise the pH of the water slightly as they are weaker acids.
• How are esters formed?


  Through the reactions between carboxylic acids and alcohols.
• What two types of monomers form condensation polymers? (Polyesters)


  -Dicarboxylic monomers

  -Diol monomers
• What is produced when a condensation polymer is formed?


  -The dicarboxylic acid monomer loses its carbon atom and Diol monomer loses its OH molecule so that water forms.
• What requirements need to be met for a condensation polymer to be formed? 


  -Monomers with two functional groups each

  -Two functional groups in the polymer overall

  -A smaller molecule needs to be produced (most commonly water)
• What are three examples of naturally occurring polymers?


  -DNA

  -Polypetides

  -Carbohydrates
• What are the monomers in polypeptides?


  Amino acids
• How are amino acids repeated into a chain?


  One amino acid loses its OH molecule while the other loses a hydrogen atom so that they can combine to form a water molecule.
• What are the monomers that form DNA?


  Nucleotides
• How do monomers form to make DNA?


  -Each nucleotide codes for a specific gene ,so the monomers join up to form a chain.

  -These chains will combine with each other to form double helix chains that coil.
• Ware the monomers that combine to make carbohydrates?


  Glucose and fructose
• What are the more common polymers formed as carbohydrates?


  Starch ,cellulose and glycogen.