can be replicated to check reliability as the researcher is in control of variables and therefore can repeat the method as they wish
What is a limitation of controlled observations?
Low ecological validity as the researcher records the behaviours on an artificial (manipulated) environment with potential outside interference from the researcher.
What is a strength of covert observations?
Investigator effects are unlikely meaning that participants behaviour will be genuine.
What is a limitation of covert observation?
Less ethical as participants are not aware they are taking part and cannot give fully informed consent.
What is a strength of overt observations?
It is possible to inform participants in advance and obtain informed consent.
What is a limitation of overt observations?
Behaviour can be distorted through investigator effects in which the participant changes their behaviour through social desirability bias.
What is a strength of participant observations?
The researcher can obtain in depth data as they are in close proximity to the participants and so are unlikely to overlook or miss any behaviours.
What is a limitation of participant observations?
the researchers presence may influence the participants behaviour due to evaluation apprehension
What is a strength of non-participant observations?
Investigator effects and evaluation apprehension are less likely as the researcher is not visible.
What is a limitation of non-participant observations?
Due to a lack of proximity the researcher may overlook or miss behaviours of interest.