Test

• What is the main purpose of urine samples in diagnostic testing?

  To diagnose medical conditions, including pregnancy and drug use
• What substances are commonly found in urine?

  Urea, sodium ions, and potassium ions
• What does the presence of glucose in urine indicate?

  It can indicate that a person has Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes
• What hormone is produced by the placenta during pregnancy?

  Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
• How is HCG detected in urine for pregnancy testing?

  Through the use of monoclonal antibodies
• What are the steps in producing monoclonal antibodies to HCG?

  1. Inject a mouse with HCG
  2. Extract B lymphocytes from the mouse's spleen
  3. Fuse B lymphocytes with myeloma cells to create hybridoma cells
  4. Screen hybridoma cells for HCG antibodies
  5. Culture the correct hybridoma cells to produce clones
  6. Purify the antibodies
• What is the role of the wick in a pregnancy test?

  The wick absorbs urine and contains monoclonal antibodies to HCG
• How does a pregnancy test indicate a positive result?

  A pink strip forms when HCG antibody complexes bind to immobilized antibodies on the wick
• What does a second pink strip in a pregnancy test indicate?


  It indicates that the test is working properly
• What are anabolic steroids based on?

  The male hormone testosterone
• How are anabolic steroids detected in urine?

  Using gas chromatography mass spectrometry
• What is the purpose of an immunoassay in drug testing?

  To initially test for the presence of illegal drugs in urine
• What happens if the immunoassay test is positive?

  It is confirmed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry
• What are the main uses of urine testing in diagnostics?

  • Pregnancy testing (HCG detection)
  • Testing for diabetes (glucose detection)
  • Detection of anabolic steroids
  • Testing for illegal drugs and alcohol