nervous system

• What is the primary role of the nervous system in maintaining homeostasis?


  To detect and respond to changes in the body's internal and external environments.
• What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?


  CNS (Central Nervous System) and PNS (Peripheral Nervous System).
• How do nerve cells contribute to homeostasis?


  They communicate with the CNS via neurons and nerve transmissions.
• What are the three main types of neurons?


  Sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons.
• What are the three parts of a neuron?


  Cell body (soma), axon, and dendrites.
• What are the functions of neuroglia cells?


  • Secure neurons to blood supply
  • Form blood-brain barrier
  • Regulate external chemical environment
  • Produce myelin to coat axons
  • Protect neurons from pathogens

  
• What is an action potential?


  It is an electrical signal that travels along the axon of a neuron.
• What are the two types of synaptic transmission?


  Electrical and chemical.
• What are the three main divisions of the brain?


  Forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain.
• What are the functions of the forebrain?


  • Contains the cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus
  • Responsible for higher cognitive functions
  • Processes sensory information
• What is the function of the thalamus?


  It acts as a relay center to and from the cerebrum.
• What is the role of the hypothalamus?


  It is the master regulator of many bodily functions, including the autonomic system and neuroendocrine functions.
• What are the four lobes of the cerebrum?


  Frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes.
• What are the functions of the frontal lobe?


  • Regulates movements
  • Higher cognitive functions
  • Involves Broca’s area for speech production
• What are the functions of the occipital lobe?


  • Processes visual stimuli
  • Involved in recognition, interpretation, and memorizing of visual information
• What is the role of the reticular activating system (RAS)?


  It controls arousal mechanisms and maintains consciousness.
• What are the protective structures of the CNS?


  • Bone
  • Meninges (dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater)
  • Cerebrospinal fluid
  • Blood-brain barrier
• What is the composition of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?


  It contains glucose, protein, and white blood cells, but no red blood cells.
• What are the two states of sleep?


  NREM sleep and REM sleep.
• What hormones are involved in regulating mental health?


  Serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate.

  
• What are the three main regions of the ear?


  • External ear
  • Middle ear
  • Inner ear
• How does hearing occur?


  Sound waves travel through the ear and are processed by the auditory system.
• What are the general senses?


  • Pain
  • Temperature
  • Touch (pressure, vibration, proprioception)
• What is the reflex arc?


  It is the coordination of movement on a subconscious level.
• How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?


  There are 12 cranial nerves.
• How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?


  There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves.
• What are the four plexuses of spinal nerves?


  • Cervical
  • Brachial
  • Lumbar
  • Sacral
• What are the layers of the meninges?


  • Dura mater
  • Arachnoid mater
  • Pia mater
• What is the function of the blood-brain barrier?


  It protects the brain by controlling the passage of substances from the bloodstream.
• What is the role of the spinal cord?


  It carries information to and from the CNS.
• What are the phases of nociceptive pain?


  1. Transduction
  2. Transmission
  3. Perception
  4. Modulation
  5. Response
• What is depolarization in neurons?


  It is the process by which the membrane potential becomes less negative.
• What is hyperpolarization in neurons?


  It is the process by which the membrane potential becomes more negative than the resting potential.
• What is the refractory period in neurons?


  It is the time during which a neuron cannot fire another action potential.
• What is the role of neurotransmitters?


  They are chemicals that transmit signals across a synapse from one neuron to another.
• What is the function of afferent neurons?


  They carry sensory information to the CNS.
• What is the function of efferent neurons?


  They carry motor commands from the CNS to muscles and glands.
• What are association neurons?


  They are interneurons that connect sensory and motor neurons within the CNS.
• What is proprioception?


  It is the sense of body position and movement.
• What is a circadian rhythm?

  It is a natural internal process that regulates the sleep-wake cycle.