mary religon: social impact

• What was the time period of the Counter Reformation?

  1545 to 1648
• What was the main goal of the Counter Reformation?

  To stop Protestantism
• When was the Council of Trent held?

  1545 to 1563
• What happened to the Council of Trent in 1552?

  It was suspended
• What policies were based on the Pole's Synod?

  Many policies of the Counter Reformation
• Which town supported Catholicism during the Counter Reformation?

  Melton Mowbray
• What was reinstated in Melton Mowbray?

  Old stone and gold
• What unique event involving a dog occurred in Melton Mowbray?

  A dog was thrown through a window and its head was shaved with a tonsure
• What aesthetic changes were desired in the church during the Counter Reformation?

  • Rood screens wanted to be replaced
  • Normal congregation and private worship areas
  • Return of holy water
  • Each parish to have a thurible
  • Processions with crucifix and candles
  • All priests to wear vestments
• What was the extent of implementation of Catholic practices during the Counter Reformation?

  Most altars were put into place, and vestments, utensils, and books of the Catholic faith were obtained
• What additional items were added during the reign of the Counter Reformation?

  Rood screens, banners, and hangings
• Why could the restoration of church items be expensive?

  Some decorations were more elaborate than the compulsory requirements
• What methods were used for the restoration of church items?


  • Required items from communities
  • Used members of the communities
  • Varied quality of items
  • Recovery of confiscated goods
  • Wills from 1555
• How did the quality of church-required goods vary?

  Some items had been kept for this purpose, while others were of less quality
• What was the significance of the Marian regime in relation to the poor?

  It encouraged support of the poor
• What were some examples of pre-Reformation Catholic imagery?

  • The Pieta (grieving mother)
  • The Mother of Mercy (Mary protecting people)
  • Madonna and Child
• How did Counter Reformation Catholic imagery change?

  • Shifted from Virgin Mary to the acts of Jesus
  • Virgin Mary grieving Jesus became prominent
• How was humanism linked to the Counter Reformation?

  Humanism was linked to hearsay and reform
• What did Dickins believe about English Catholicism?

  He did not believe there would be a distinctive and broadly acceptable English Catholicism
• What role did Protestant exiles play during the Counter Reformation?

  They sent publications over
• What do Duffy's primers show?

  They show conflicting arguments
• What law was introduced in 1554 regarding heresy?

  Treason law
• What powers were given to secular authorities under the treason law?

  They were empowered to deal with religious opponents
• What was the impact of the treason law on dissenters?

  Seditious words and activities were punished, increasing deterrence
• How many people fled England during the Counter Reformation?

  800 people
• How many people were burned during the Counter Reformation?

  289 people
• How many women were burned during the Counter Reformation?

  52 women
• How many men were burned during the Counter Reformation?

  237 men
• Who were some prominent clergy members that were burned?

  Cranmer, Bishop Hooper, and Ridley
• Were ordinary people also punished during the Counter Reformation?

  Yes, ordinary people were punished
• How did the council's fear of social unrest affect their actions?

  The council banned its servants from attending the burnings.
• What was the effect of public opinion on Mary during her reign?

  It turned public opinion against Mary.
• What was the impact of Mary's reign on English exiles on the continent?

  It encouraged English exiles on the continent.
• Who started the persecutions during Mary's reign?

  Gardiner started the persecutions.
• What change occurred in the persecutions after Gardiner's death in 1555?

  Pole increased the persecutions.
• How did the number of executions during Mary's reign compare to other Catholic countries?

  The number of executions exceeded any Catholic country.
• How was the Marian regime characterized in terms of moderation?

  The Marian regime was not moderate.
• What is the title of John Foxe's book published in 1563?

  Book of Martyrs
• Why couldn't John Foxe write his book during Mary's reign?

  He would have been targeted for writing it.
• What tragic event occurred to Katherine Cowchen and her family during the burnings?

  • Katherine Cowchen and her daughters were sentenced to death by burning.
  • Katherine went into labor during the fire.
  • The local sheriff ordered the baby to be thrown back into the fire.