COGNITIVE

• What are the three stores of memory according to the multi-store model (MSM)?

  The sensory register, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM)
• How does information transfer from the sensory register to short-term memory (STM)?

  Information is transferred if it is paid attention to
• What happens to information in STM that is rehearsed?

  It is transferred into long-term memory (LTM)
• What is the consequence of not rehearsing information in STM?

  It is lost through decay
• What does HM's case study demonstrate about the multi-store model of memory?

  It supports the existence of separate memory stores, as HM had a functioning STM but a damaged LTM
• How does HM's ability to learn new motor skills challenge the multi-store model of memory?

  It suggests that LTM may have sub-sections, as he could learn new motor skills despite having a damaged LTM
• What are the capacity, duration, and encoding methods of the sensory register?

  Capacity: 3-4 items, Duration: a few seconds, Encoding: all 5 senses
• What are the capacity, duration, and encoding methods of short-term memory (STM)?

  Capacity: 5-9 items, Duration: 15-30 seconds, Encoding: acoustically
• What are the capacity, duration, and encoding methods of long-term memory (LTM)?


  Capacity: potentially unlimited, Duration: potentially a lifetime, Encoding: semantically
• What did Baddeley's study reveal about the encoding of long-term memory (LTM)?

  It showed that LTM is encoded semantically rather than acoustically
• How does KC's case study challenge the multi-store model of memory?

  It shows that LTM may not be a single store, as he could remember factual information but not emotional information
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of the multi-store model of memory (MSM)?

  Strengths:

  • Supported by HM's case study
  • Supported by Baddeley's study on encoding

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Too simplistic in grouping all LTM together
  • Reductionist for breaking memory into distinct stores

  
• What is the main difference between episodic and semantic memory according to Tulving's theory?

  Episodic memory is about experiences and life events, while semantic memory is about facts and concepts

  
• How does the case study of the 10-year-old boy with brain damage support Tulving's theory?

  It shows that semantic memory is slightly better than episodic memory, supporting the idea that they are separate

  
• How do the case studies of HM and Clive Wearing challenge Tulving's theory?

  They show that procedural memory exists separately from episodic and semantic memory
• What is the encoding method for episodic memories?

  Episodic memories are encoded with temporal and spatial referencing
• How do episodic and semantic memories differ in terms of recall consistency?

  Episodic memories may change upon recall, while semantic memories are recalled consistently
• What evidence supports the separation of episodic and semantic memory stores?

  Research shows damage to specific brain areas affects semantic memory but not episodic memory
• How do episodic and semantic memories interact during an exam?

  Students may recall semantic facts along with episodic memories of the lesson
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of Tulving's theory of episodic and semantic memory?

  Strengths:

  • Improvement on the original LTM store from MSM
  • Supported by case studies and brain scans

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Fails to consider procedural memory
  • Reductionist in underplaying interactions between memory types

  
• What are the three components of the working memory model (WMM)?

  The central executive, visuo-spatial sketchpad (VSSP), and phonological loop (PL)
• What is the role of the central executive in the working memory model?

  It supervises the other two slave systems and decides where attention is needed
• What does the visuo-spatial sketchpad (VSSP) handle?

  It deals with the temporary store and manipulation of visual and spatial information
• What does the phonological loop (PL) manage?

  It manages the temporary store and manipulation of phonological information
• What did Baddeley and Hitch's dual tasks experiments reveal about the working memory model?

  Participants struggled with two visuospatial tasks but could complete one visual and one phonological task simultaneously

  
• What is a limitation of the research supporting the working memory model?

  It often involves tasks that lack mundane realism, weakening the support for WMM
• What are the components of the phonological loop?

  The phonological store and the articulatory rehearsal system
• What evidence supports the separation of the phonological loop's components?

  Brain scans show different activation patterns for verbal tasks
• What is a weakness of the working memory model regarding interactions with long-term memory?

  It does not explain interactions with episodic and semantic components of LTM
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of the working memory model (WMM)?

  Strengths:

  • Supported by controlled research and empirical results
  • High internal validity

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Lacks mundane realism
  • Reductionist for breaking short-term memory into components

  
• What does the reconstructive model of memory suggest?

  It suggests that memory is an imaginative reconstruction influenced by encoding, retrieval, and storage
• How do schemas influence memory according to the reconstructive model?

  Schemas lead us to unconsciously alter information based on our assumptions
• What did Bartlett's study reveal about reconstructive memory?

  Participants altered the retelling of a story based on their pre-existing knowledge
• What is motivated self-enhancement in the context of reconstructive memory?

  It occurs when we change memories to overstate our role and importance in events
• What is confabulation in the context of memory recall?

  It is the process of filling in gaps in memory with information influenced by schemas
• How did Loftus and Palmer's study support the reconstructive model of memory?

  Participants' speed estimations varied based on the wording of leading questions
• What did Steyvers and Hemmer's study reveal about eyewitness testimony?

  It showed that eyewitness testimony can be accurate in real-life contexts
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of the reconstructive model of memory?

  Strengths:

  • Contributes to the development of cognitive interviews
  • Supported by laboratory and real-life evidence

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Incomplete account of memory functions
  • Issues with supporting evidence and challenges to the theory

  
• What was Baddeley's aim in his classic study?

  To investigate the influence of acoustic and semantic word similarity on sequential recall from long-term memory (LTM)
• How was the sample structured in Baddeley's study?

  Participants were assigned to learn and be tested on different word conditions in an independent measures design