Ap World History: Modern - Unit 1 - Dar al Islam

• House of Wisdom: Renowned center of learning where scholars in the Abbasid empire studied.

  This preserved the knowledge acquired by the abbasids over the century.
• Hijab:

  A head scarf worn in public by some Muslim women; can also be used to describe the Islamic dress code for Muslim women, which requires them to dress modestly in public
• Swahili:

  A Bantu language widely used as a lingua franca in East Africa and having official status in several countries.

  
  

  This language unites people.
• Battle of Tours (732 CE):

  European victory over Muslims. It halted Muslim movement into Western Europe.
• "People of the book"(Dhimmi): Jews and Christians have traditionally been considered this and afforded a special status known as dhimmi derived from a theoretical contract. -> sometimes includes muslims and monotheists as a whole
• Summarize the impact of islamic teachings on TOLERANCE: Muhammad told his followers to learn about other countries even into china. It led Islam to be very tolerant of other peoples religions and they learned many things from different peoples cultures.
• Summarize the impact of islamic teachings on EDUCATION: Essentially "Follow education & knowledge to China"

  - taught by Muhammad to accept new cultures and follow knowledge from everyone

  - this made the community expand on different innovations (preserve and create!!)

  - helped with transfer and development of knowledge back and forth from europe to asia
• what are some examples of islamic (educational) innovations? algebra, trig., greek literature, advancement of paper, philosophy, astronomy (conservatory and charts), law, logic, spirtual texts, etc.
• Summarize the impact of islamic teachings on Economics: In Islamic society, merchants were viewed as prestigious unlike most societies at the time. This was because Muhammad was a merchant and his first wife was too. Because of this, merchants could become very wealthy in the Islamic world.
• Summarize the impact of islamic teachings on SLAVERY: Islam defines enslaving muslims and other monotheists as illegal/not allowed. Enslaving others though was allowed, so slaves often converted to islam to be freed. Also, exempt from slavery were Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians. Islam did allow slaves though, so most of their slaves came from Africa, Kievan Rus, and Central Asia (due to converting most of existing land claim already).
• Summarize the impact of islamic teachings on WOMEN: Muhammad raised the status of women in Islam by treating his wives with love and devotion. He also insisted dowries be paid to the future wife than the father and he also forbade the killing of newborn girls.

  
  

  They could:

  - own property

  - marriage and divorce rights
• Muslim women eventually lost rights with ....: the development of cities and towns like in other cultures
• define Mamluks: Arabs purchased Mamluks from slaves because they came from Africa. Mamluks had more opportunities than slaves in Islam. This resulted in the Mamluks eventually seizing control of some of the Abbasid Empire. They prospered by trading cotton and sugar between Europe and the Islamic world.
• define Seljuk Turks: They were Muslim like the Abbasid Empire, and eventually overthrew the empire. They began to conquer the Middle East to almost as far as Western China. The Seljuk leader called him Sultan thereby reducing the role of the caliph in the Abbasid Empire to chief sunni authority in comparison to a Shia figure.
• Crusaders: The Abbasids allowed the Christians to travel to their holy sites. However, the Seljuk Turks limited travel which led to Christians organizing the group of Crusaders to reopen access. They eventually decided to keep their land instead.
• Mongols: They were one of the most famous conquerors in history. They came from Asia and ended the Seljuk rule (& remaining Abbasid rule). They continued to conquer westward, but the Mamluks stopped them.
• Explain what/how economic challenges also led to the decline of the Abbasid Empire.: The Abbasids were big on trade and it was also their main source of income. However, it was highly competitive. Baghdad used to be the center of trade, but slowly the center of trade moved more to the north, which led to the Abbasids not being able to keep up with the new trade. With this, Baghdad also lost their wealth and population which led to their decline.
• As new Islamic political entities emerged, they demonstrated several cultural continuities. Summarize them.: -They translated Greek literary classics into Arabic

  - They studied mathematical texts from India

  - They adopted paper-making techniques from China
• Explain how systems of belief and their practices affected society in the period from c. 1200 to c. 1450.: Islam unified diverse peoples under one culture and state, which ended tribal/clan wars.

  
  

  Promoted trade and spread knowledge

  
  

  Islamic society featured tolerance for Christians and Jews, raised status to women, and allowed slaves to be freed when they converted to Islam
• Explain the effects of intellectual innovation in Dar al-Islam: 1. Muslim states encouraged significant intellectual innovations in: Math(Algebra), literature and medicine.

  
  

  2. From the House of Wisdom in Baghdad, the Abbasids: PreservedGreek philosophy and transferred much knowledge toSpain/Europe.
• Explain the causes and effects of the rise of Islamic states overtime.: Cause: Abbasid state fragmented

  
  

  Effect: New states emerged usually ruled by Turkic peoples. Seljuk Turks for example, who started as slave soldiers but eventually took the power as Sultans in the 11th century in the Abbasid Dynasty.
• Sufis: They adapted to local cultures and traditions. By adapting these, they interwove Islam religious elements into them and they won many converters by this process. - mystical and adaptive
• Merchants: They spread their religion through the Silk roads and were sent out to be missionaries. - also had high status (influential) and grew wealthy
• Military: As they were forbidden to own land they conquered, the locals were basically unchanged. This differed from other empires militaries that changed the already existing community dynamic. As such, the local people were less guarded to converting (actually open) and also paid tribute.
• How were slaves and women treated under Islam? Muslims could no enslave other Muslims in the Islam Religion. As a result of this, most slaves came from Africa. Slave women were also allowed a lot of independence, even more than most wives of men in the Islam culture. They could go to the market and run errands. Women had a higher status in Islam compared to other cultures This is because when Muhammad was alive, he greatly respected women, Islamic women could remarry, inherit property, could receive cash settlements if divorced, and they could get abortions.
• What was the impact of Islam in: Africa: Most of them converted to Islam because most slaves came from Africa since Muslims could no enslave other Muslims in the Islam Religion.
• Spain: Umayyads had their capital in Spain where muslims, jews, and christians coexisted peacefully. Encouraged trade from chinas and SE Asia which helped getting products and knowledge to rest of Europe.
• What marked the limit of Islamic expansion into Western Europe? The battle of tours
• Looking back at intellectual innovations and cultural transfers, explain the significance of education and tolerance within the Islamic empire.: Following Muhammad's words to follow knowledge, the empire heavily relied on education to help in their economy & philosophies. They prospered due to their work in math, science (medicine), greek literature analysis, and overall tolerance to accept new ideas (curiousity and discovery). This can also be seen with their religion tolerance that can't be seen in China who were more harsh on other non-confucius beliefs. This tolerance of religion helped with their education development and expansion of empire as scholars influenced each pther. Muslims taught asian innovations / beliefs to Europe as well.
• House of Wisdom


  A university-like institution in Baghdad, Iraq, where scholars came to study, research, and teach.
• Location


  Baghdad, Iraq, specifically in the Round City.
• Fields of Study


  Astronomy, Mathematics, Medicine, Philosophy, Theology, and Science.
• Astronomy


  Scholars like Al-Farghani and Al-Biruni made significant contributions to the field, creating astronomical tables and manuscripts.
• Mathematics


  Scholars like Al-Khwarizmi developed and translated works on algebra, geometry, and arithmetic.
• Medicine


  Scholars like Ibn Sina (Avicenna) and Ibn Rushd (Averroes) made groundbreaking discoveries and wrote influential medical texts.
• Philosophy


  Scholars like Al-Kindi and Al-Farabi translated and wrote about the works of Greek philosophers like Aristotle and Plato.
• Theology


  Scholars discussed and wrote about Islamic theology, including the works of scholars like Al-Ghazali.
• Preservation of Knowledge


  The House of Wisdom preserved and protected the knowledge and insights gained by scholars over the centuries.
• Network of Institutions


  The House of Wisdom was a network of institutions, spread across Baghdad, that focused on translation, research, and education.
• What does the term "Dar al-Islam" literally translate to?

  "House of Islam" or "Abode of Islam"