Zoonotic diseases

• • Zoonotic diseases, spread from animals to humans by viruses, bacteria, parasites and fungi, are very common
  • Infection may be transmitted by domestic as well as wild animals
  • For instance, dogs, in addition to bats, foxes, raccoons and other mammals, transmit rabies; poultry present a greater risk of transmitting Asian flu than wild birds
  • However, in most instances, transmission occurs only with close contact between people and animals
• What increases the probability of zoonotic disease transmission to humans?


  The unrestricted movement of infected wild animals and ineffective controls on domestic animals
• How does urbanisation contribute to zoonotic disease transmission?


  Urbanisation creates suitable habitats for animals such as foxes, raccoons, and skunks
• What is the status of vaccination for pets and domestic livestock in relation to zoonotic diseases?


  Vaccination of pets and domestic livestock is sparse
• What is the impact of limited control of feral animals in urban areas?


  It increases the risk of zoonotic disease transmission
• How do poor hygiene and sanitation contribute to zoonotic disease transmission?


  Poor hygiene and sanitation lead to contaminated drinking water with animal faeces, blood, and saliva
• What role do man-made habitats play in the transmission of zoonotic diseases?


  Man-made habitats encourage insect vectors to breed
• In what situation does prolonged contact between humans and animals increase the risk of zoonotic diseases?


  In situations such as poultry farms
• Rabies is estimated to cause 59000 human deaths annually in over 150 countries, with 95% of cases occurring in Africa and Asia