AR

• Conduct crimes 

  Crimes requiring no result, all that has to be proven is the action of D. (Perjury, handling stolen goods)
• Result crimes

  Requires proof of a result as part of the AR. (Murder, manslaughter)
• State of affairs crimes

  The exitance of a situation is enough to form the AR of a crime. (R v Larsonneur)(Winzar v CC of Kent)
• R v Larsonneur 

  Illegal alien, her visa had expired and yet remained in the UK while knowing this.
• Winner v CC of Kent


  D was causing trouble in a hospital and so was removed, the police parked the car a short distance from the curb and in order to get into the car D had to walk on the road and was convicted of being drunk on the Queen's highway.
• Voluntary nature of AR


  D's act or omission must be voluntary, if D has no control over his actions then there is no AR. (Hill v Baxter)
• Involuntary nature of AR

  State of affairs crimes are the only type of situation where D can be convicted, even though they did not act voluntarily. (R v Larsonneur)
• Omission general rule

  There is no liability for a failure to act
• R v Pitwood

  Exception to omission: Failure to act under contract mademade him criminally liable
• R v Gibbon & Proctor 


  Exception to omissions: duty owed to children byby parents
• R v Stone & Dobbson

  Exception to omissions: duty voluntarily undertaken
• R v Miller

  Exception to omissions: duty to limit accidental harm
• R v Dytham

  Exception to omissions: duty toto the public
• The road traffic Act 1988

  Exception to omissions : arising from statute
• Airedale NHS Trust v Bland

  Exceptions to omission:  duty of doctors