Chapter 7/8

• What does the kinetic particle theory state?

  • All matter is made up of tiny particles.
  • Particles are in constant and random motion.
  • Speed of particles depends on the amount of kinetic energy.
• What are the three states of matter?

  Solid, liquid, gas
• What are the properties of solids, liquids, and gases?

  • **Solid**: Fixed shape, fixed volume, cannot be compressed.
  • **Liquid**: Not fixed shape, fixed volume, cannot be compressed.
  • **Gas**: Not fixed shape, not fixed volume, can be compressed.
• How are particles arranged in a solid?

  Closely packed in an orderly manner
• Why can't a solid be compressed?

  Because its particles are already very close to one another
• How do particles in a solid move?

  They vibrate about fixed positions
• What is the kinetic energy of particles in a solid?

  Low
• How are particles arranged in a liquid?

  Closely packed in a disorderly manner
• How do particles in a liquid move?

  They slide over one another
• What is an atom?

  Atoms are the smallest unit of an element that have all properties of that element.
• What is the kinetic energy of particles in a liquid compared to a solid?

  More kinetic energy than in a solid
• What are elements made up of?

  Elements are made up of atoms.
• How do atoms of an element compare to each other?

  Atoms of an element are all identical.
• How are particles arranged in a gas?

  Very far apart
• What is the movement of particles in a gas?

  Randomly at high speeds in all directions
• How do atoms of different elements differ?

  The atoms of an element are different from that of another element.
• What are the three types of particles that make up an atom?

  • Protons
  • Neutrons
  • Electrons
• Why does a gas not have a fixed shape or volume?

  Particles can move about rapidly in any direction
• What is the relative charge and mass of a proton?

  Protons have a relative charge of +1 and a relative mass of 1.
• What is the relative charge and mass of a neutron?

  Neutrons have a relative charge of 0 and a relative mass of 1.
• What is the relative charge and mass of an electron?

  Electrons have a relative charge of -1 and a relative mass of 1/1840.
• What happens to particles when a solid is heated?

  Particles gain kinetic energy and vibrate faster
• Where are protons and neutrons located in an atom?

  Protons and neutrons make up the nucleus of an atom.
• What occurs during melting?

  Particles overcome attractive forces and break away from fixed positions
• What charge does the nucleus of an atom have?

  The nucleus has a positive charge.
• What is the overall charge of an atom?

  An atom has no overall charge and is electrically neutral.
• What happens to particles when a liquid is cooled?

  Particles lose kinetic energy and move more slowly
• How can the number of neutrons in an atom be calculated?

  The number of neutrons can be calculated using mass number – atomic number.
• What is the proton number (atomic number) of an atom?

  The proton number (atomic number) is the number of protons in the atom.
• What is the nucleon (mass) number of an atom?

  The nucleon (mass) number is the total number of protons and neutrons in the atom.
• What are the differences between boiling and evaporation?

  • **Boiling**: Occurs at boiling point, throughout the liquid.
  • **Evaporation**: Occurs at any temperature below boiling point, only at the surface.
• What happens to the physical and chemical properties of different elements?

  Different elements have different physical and chemical properties due to different numbers of protons.
• What is sublimation?

  The change from a solid to a gas without melting
• How can an element be represented with its nucleon and proton numbers?

  An element can be represented in symbols as follows:

  • Chemical symbol
  • Proton number (atomic number)
  • Nucleon number (mass number)

  Example:

  $C_{6}^{12}$
• Given the symbol for fluorine $F_{9}^{19}$, how many protons, electrons, and neutrons are in one atom of fluorine?


  Number of protons = 9, Number of electrons = 9, Number of neutrons = 10.
• How does temperature affect the rate of diffusion?

  When temperature increases, the rate of diffusion increases
• For the element lithium with a proton number of 3 and a nucleon number of 7, how many neutrons does it have?

  It has 4 neutrons (7 - 3 = 4).
• What is a molecule?

  A molecule is made up of two or more atoms that are chemically combined.
• Which factor does not influence the rate of diffusion?

  Color
• What is the process of cooling a liquid to a solid?

  Particles lose kinetic energy and start to settle into fixed positions