(Unit 2.2) Cellular Respiration

• What is the purpose of cellular respiration?

  To break down glucose into energy for survival
• What high energy compound is produced during cellular respiration?

  Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
• What happens when the terminal bond of ATP is broken?

  Energy is released
• What compound is formed when ATP is broken down?

  Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
• What is phosphorylation?

  The process of adding a phosphate to a molecule
• What are the three stages of cellular respiration?

  Glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and electron transport chain
• Where does glycolysis take place?

  In the cytoplasm
• What is the net gain of ATP from glycolysis?

  Two molecules of ATP
• What happens to pyruvate if oxygen is present?

  It enters the citric acid cycle in the mitochondria
• What is produced during the citric acid cycle?

  Carbon dioxide and NADH
• What is the final hydrogen acceptor in cellular respiration?

  Oxygen
• How many ATP molecules are generated in the electron transport chain?

  36 molecules of ATP
• What happens to hydrogen ions and electrons in the electron transport chain?

  They are used to generate ATP
• What occurs if oxygen is not present after glycolysis?

  Fermentation occurs
• What is produced in animals during fermentation?

  Lactate
• What is the main takeaway from fermentation compared to aerobic respiration?

  Fermentation is less efficient, producing only 2 ATP
• What happens to pyruvate in plants during fermentation?

  It is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide
• What are the stages of cellular respiration and their locations?

  • Glycolysis: Cytoplasm
  • Citric Acid Cycle: Matrix of mitochondria (requires oxygen)
  • Electron Transport Chain: Inner mitochondrial membrane (requires oxygen)
• What are the differences between aerobic respiration and fermentation?

  Aerobic Respiration:

  • Requires oxygen
  • Produces 38 ATP
  • Involves glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and electron transport chain

  
  

  Fermentation:

  • Does not require oxygen
  • Produces only 2 ATP
  • Results in lactate (in animals) or ethanol and carbon dioxide (in plants)
• What is the role of NADH in cellular respiration?

  • Carries hydrogen ions and electrons
  • Generated during glycolysis and citric acid cycle
  • Used in the electron transport chain to produce ATP
• What is the function of ATP synthase in cellular respiration?

  • Enzyme that generates ATP
  • Utilizes energy from hydrogen ions flowing back into the matrix
  • Located in the inner mitochondrial membrane
• What are the key terms to remember in cellular respiration?

  • Glycolysis
  • Citric Acid Cycle
  • Electron Transport Chain
  • ATP
  • ADP
  • NADH
  • Fermentation