(Unit 2.5) Adverse Conditions

• What are the two main responses of the body to temperature changes?

  Thermoregulation and metabolic rate
• What are the two types of organisms discussed in relation to metabolic responses?

  Conformers and regulators
• What is the tolerable limit in terms of metabolic activity?

  Limits of external conditions for survival
• How do polar bears cope with extreme cold?

  They adapt to survive in cold environments
• What are the two choices animals have to survive adverse conditions?

  Adapt through dormancy or migrate
• What is dormancy in organisms?

  A survival strategy during adverse conditions
• What happens to metabolic rates during dormancy?

  Metabolic rates decrease significantly
• What are the three physiological changes during dormancy?

  Decreased metabolic rate, heart rate, and breathing rate
• What is predictive dormancy?

  Dormancy that begins before adverse conditions
• What is consequential dormancy?

  Dormancy that begins after adverse conditions
• How does predictive dormancy differ from consequential dormancy?

  Predictive occurs before, consequential after conditions
• Why is predictive dormancy common in predictable environments?

  Conditions can be anticipated and prepared for
• What is a common example of predictive dormancy?

  Trees dropping leaves in autumn
• What does consequential dormancy allow organisms to do?

  Remain active longer before dormancy
• What is a risk associated with consequential dormancy?

  Sudden changes can lead to death before dormancy
• What are the three forms of dormancy mentioned?

  Hibernation, estivation, and daily torpor
• What is hibernation?

  Survival in low temperatures during winter
• What is estivation?

  Survival in drought or high temperatures
• What is daily torpor?

  A period of reduced activity every day
• How does hibernation help animals conserve energy?

  By lowering metabolic rate and energy expenditure
• What happens to an animal's metabolic rate during hibernation?

  It drops significantly to conserve energy
• What do animals do before entering hibernation?

  Consume extra food and store fat
• What happens if external temperatures drop too much during hibernation?

  Metabolic rate can increase to survive
• How do snails survive high temperatures during estivation?

  They enter a dormant state to conserve moisture
• What are the key differences between predictive and consequential dormancy?

  • Predictive dormancy:
  • Begins before adverse conditions
  • Common in predictable environments
  • Consequential dormancy:
  • Begins after adverse conditions
  • Common in unpredictable environments
• What are the physiological changes during dormancy?

  • Decreased metabolic rate
  • Decreased heart rate
  • Decreased breathing rate
  • Decreased body temperature
• What are the survival strategies of animals in adverse conditions?

  • Adapt through dormancy
  • Migrate to more favorable conditions
• What is the purpose of hibernation?

  • To survive low temperatures
  • To minimize energy expenditure during winter
• What is the purpose of estivation?

  • To survive high temperatures or drought
  • To conserve moisture and energy
• What is daily torpor and its significance?

  • A daily period of reduced activity
  • Helps conserve energy in high metabolic rate organisms
• What is the purpose of dormancy in animals?

  To lower metabolic rate and conserve energy
• What happens to the metabolic rate during extreme cold in hibernators?

  It can increase to prevent death
• What is estivation?

  A period of dormancy in hot, dry conditions
• How do snails survive high temperatures during estivation?

  They seal themselves in shells with mucus
• What is an example of an animal that undergoes estivation?

  Snails
• What is daily torpor?

  A daily period of reduced activity in animals
• Which bird is a good example of daily torpor?

  Hummingbird
• Why do hummingbirds enter daily torpor?

  To manage their high metabolic rate
• What is the advantage of migration for animals?

  It avoids adverse metabolic conditions
• What is innate behavior in migration?

  Instinctive knowledge of migration patterns