miss estruch respiration

• What are the four key stages of respiration mentioned in the study material?

  Glycolysis, link reaction, Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation
• Where does glycolysis occur in the cell?

  In the cytoplasm
• What is produced during glycolysis?

  4 ATP and reduced NAD
• How many ATP molecules are used to phosphorylate glucose in glycolysis?

  2 ATP molecules
• What happens to glucose during glycolysis?

  It is phosphorylated to glucose phosphate, then converted to triose phosphate, and finally oxidized to form pyruvate
• What is the net gain of ATP from glycolysis?

  2 ATP
• What is the role of reduced NAD in respiration?

  It acts as a coenzyme that carries electrons
• What happens to pyruvate after glycolysis in aerobic respiration?

  It is transported into the mitochondrial matrix for the link reaction
• What is produced during the link reaction?

  Acetyl-CoA, carbon dioxide, and reduced NAD
• How many times does the link reaction occur for each glucose molecule?

  Twice
• What is the main function of coenzyme A in the link reaction?

  To transport acetate to the Krebs cycle
• What are the products of one cycle of the Krebs cycle?

  3 reduced NAD, 1 reduced FAD, 1 ATP, and 2 carbon dioxide
• How many ATP molecules are produced per glucose molecule in the Krebs cycle?

  2 ATP
• What is the final step of respiration called?

  Oxidative phosphorylation
• What is the role of oxygen in oxidative phosphorylation?

  It acts as the final electron acceptor
• How many ATP molecules are produced during oxidative phosphorylation?

  34 ATP molecules
• What is produced as a byproduct of oxidative phosphorylation?

  Water
• What occurs during anaerobic respiration in animals?

  Pyruvate is reduced to lactate
• What is the main purpose of anaerobic respiration?

  To re-oxidize NAD so glycolysis can continue
• What is produced during anaerobic respiration in plants and microbes?

  Ethanol and carbon dioxide
• What is a downside of lactic acid accumulation in anaerobic respiration?

  It can denature enzymes and other proteins
• Why can't anaerobic respiration occur for long periods?

  Because lactic acid buildup will eventually denature enzymes
• What are the key stages of aerobic respiration and their locations?

  • Glycolysis: Cytoplasm
  • Link Reaction: Mitochondrial Matrix
  • Krebs Cycle: Mitochondrial Matrix
  • Oxidative Phosphorylation: Mitochondrial Matrix
• What are the products of glycolysis and their significance?

  • 4 ATP (net gain of 2 ATP)
  • 2 Reduced NAD
  • 2 Pyruvate
  • Significance: Provides energy and substrates for further stages of respiration
• What are the products of the Krebs cycle per glucose molecule?

  • 6 Reduced NAD
  • 2 Reduced FAD
  • 2 ATP
  • 4 Carbon Dioxide
  • Significance: Energy carriers for oxidative phosphorylation
• What is the process of oxidative phosphorylation?

  1. Reduced coenzymes release hydrogen
  2. Electrons are transported along the electron transfer chain
  3. Protons are actively transported into the intermembrane space
  4. Protons move back through ATP synthase, generating ATP
  5. Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor, forming water
• What are the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

  • Aerobic Respiration:
  • Requires oxygen
  • Produces more ATP
  • Occurs in mitochondria
  • Anaerobic Respiration:
  • Does not require oxygen
  • Produces less ATP
  • Occurs in cytoplasm