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    Cards (75)

    • What is the definition of taxonomy?
      Taxonomy is the science of biological classification.
    • What does taxonomy involve in terms of organism arrangement?
      Taxonomy involves orderly arranging organisms into groups of larger units.
    • What are the three interrelated parts of taxonomy?
      1. Classification: Arrangement of organisms into groups based on similarity or relatedness.
      2. Nomenclature: Assignment of names to taxonomic groups according to rules.
      3. Identification: Determining if an isolate belongs to a recognized taxon through comparison.
    • Why is classification important in bacteriology?
      Classification summarizes knowledge of prokaryotes and catalogs that knowledge.
    • What are the two types of classification schemes mentioned?
      Natural and artificial (or special purpose) types.
    • What are the three main reasons for classifying organisms?
      1. To establish criteria for identifying organisms.
      2. To arrange related organisms into groups.
      3. To provide information on how organisms evolved.
    • What were the main focuses of bacterial classification in the late 18th century?
      • Morphology
      • Growth Requirements
      • Pathogenic potential
    • Who made the first attempt to classify bacteria in the 1740s?
      Muller made the first attempt to classify bacteria.
    • What did Ehrinberg add to bacterial classification between 1828-1838?
      Ehrinberg added two generic names: spirillum and Bacterium.
    • What significant contribution did Cohn make in 1872?
      Cohn devised the first schemes of bacteria based on morphology.
    • What did Lehman and Neumann start in 1896?
      They started their atlas for diagnostic bacteriology.
    • What did Migula contribute to bacterial classification in 1897?
      Migula developed schemes based on color and some physiological characters.
    • What was established in 1899-1901 that led to the formation of the Society of American Bacteriology?
      The Manual of Determinative Bacteriology was established.
    • What classification focus was prevalent from 1901 to 1960?
      Classification focused on morphology, physiology, and biochemistry.
    • What system did Orla-Jensen develop in 1909?

      Orla-Jensen developed systems based largely on physiological properties.
    • What significant classification method did Carl Woese introduce in 1977?
      Carl Woese introduced phylogenetic classification based on rRNA.
    • What are the two general ways classification can be constructed?
      1. Phenetic classification: Based on mutual similarity of phenotypic characteristics.
      2. Phylogenetic classification: Based on evolutionary relationships and genetic materials.
    • What is polyphasic taxonomy?
      • Studying phylogeny based on both genotypic and phenotypic information.
      • Ranges from molecular characteristics to ecological characters.
    • Who developed the binomial system of nomenclature?
      Carlous Von Linnaeus developed the binomial system of nomenclature.
    • What are the components of a binomial name?
      • First word: Genus name (capitalized).
      • Second word: Species name (not capitalized).
    • What are the rules of nomenclature for binomial names?
      1. Genus name should be capitalized.
      2. Species name should not be capitalized.
      3. Binomial should be underlined or italicized.
      4. Author's name should follow the binomial.
    • What are the taxonomic ranks in prokaryotic taxonomy?
      • Species
      • Genera
      • Families
      • Orders
      • Classes
      • Phyla
      • Kingdom or Domain
    • What phrase can help remember the taxonomic hierarchy?
      “Kindly pay cash or furnish good security” (kingdom–phylum–class–order–family–genus–species).
    • What should be done if a species name is revised?
      • Original describer's name should be in brackets.
      • Followed by the name of the revising scientist.
    • What is the significance of avoiding duplicate binomial names?

      To prevent confusion in naming two different species.
    • What are the three domains recognized in modern classification?
      1. Archaebacteria
      2. Eubacteria
      3. Eukaryotes
    • What are the four kingdoms within the domain Eukarya?
      1. Plants
      2. Animals
      3. Fungi
      4. Protists
    • What does the term archaebacteria refer to?
      Archaebacteria refers to bacteria with ancient origins that diverged early from eubacteria.
    • What are the three general categories of archaebacteria?
      1. Methanogens
      2. Extremophiles
      3. Non-extreme Archaebacteria
    • What role do eubacteria play in the environment?
      Eubacteria are critical for cycling carbon and sulfur and carry out much of the world's photosynthesis.
    • What distinguishes the domain Eukarya from prokaryotes?
      • Multicellularity
      • Sexual reproduction
    • How is a species defined in terms of genetic similarity?
      A species is defined by having a similar G+C composition and 70% or greater similarity by DNA hybridization.
    • How can species be divided into subspecies?
      • Based on consistent phenotypic variations.
      • Based on genetically defined groups of strains.
    • What are the three subspecies of Treponema pallidum?
      1. pallidum subsp. pallidum, T. pallidum subsp. endemicum, and T. pallidum subsp. pertenue.
    • What is a binomial name composed of?
      • Genus name
      • Specific epithet
    • What is a strain in microbiology?
      A strain is a population of organisms distinguishable from other populations within a taxonomic category, descended from a single organism.
    • What are biovars, morphovars, and serovars?
      • Biovars: Variant strains characterized by biochemical or physiological differences.
      • Morphovars: Strains that differ morphologically.
      • Serovars: Strains with distinctive antigenic properties.
    • What is a type strain?
      A type strain is one of the first strains studied and is often more fully characterized than others.
    • What are type cultures?
      • Reference specimens for names maintained in recognized collections.
      • Author must designate a type strain when a new species is published.
    • What is the purpose of pure cultures in identification?
      • Used for identifying specific organisms.
      • Identification is mainly based on phenotypic characteristics.
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