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تصنيف بكتيري
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Cards (75)
What is the definition of taxonomy?
Taxonomy
is the science of
biological classification.
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What does taxonomy involve in terms of organism arrangement?
Taxonomy involves orderly arranging organisms into
groups
of
larger
units.
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What are the three interrelated parts of taxonomy?
Classification
: Arrangement of organisms into
groups
based on similarity or relatedness.
Nomenclature:
Assignment
of names to
taxonomic groups
according to rules.
Identification
: Determining if an
isolate
belongs to a recognized taxon through comparison.
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Why is classification important in bacteriology?
Classification summarizes
knowledge
of
prokaryotes
and catalogs that knowledge.
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What are the two types of classification schemes mentioned?
Natural
and artificial (or
special purpose
) types.
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What are the three main reasons for classifying organisms?
To establish
criteria
for identifying
organisms.
To arrange
related
organisms into
groups.
To provide information on how
organisms evolved.
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What were the main focuses of bacterial classification in the late 18th century?
Morphology
Growth Requirements
Pathogenic potential
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Who made the first attempt to classify bacteria in the 1740s?
Muller
made the first attempt to classify bacteria.
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What did Ehrinberg add to bacterial classification between 1828-1838?
Ehrinberg added two generic names:
spirillum
and
Bacterium.
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What significant contribution did Cohn make in 1872?
Cohn devised the first schemes of
bacteria
based on
morphology.
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What did Lehman and Neumann start in 1896?
They started their
atlas
for
diagnostic bacteriology.
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What did Migula contribute to bacterial classification in 1897?
Migula
developed schemes based on
color
and some physiological characters.
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What was established in 1899-1901 that led to the formation of the Society of American Bacteriology?
The
Manual
of
Determinative
Bacteriology was established.
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What classification focus was prevalent from 1901 to 1960?
Classification focused on morphology, physiology, and biochemistry.
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What system did
Orla-Jensen
develop in 1909?
Orla-Jensen
developed systems based largely on
physiological
properties.
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What significant classification method did Carl Woese introduce in 1977?
Carl Woese introduced phylogenetic classification based on rRNA.
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What are the two general ways classification can be constructed?
Phenetic
classification: Based on mutual similarity of
phenotypic
characteristics.
Phylogenetic
classification: Based on
evolutionary
relationships and genetic materials.
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What is polyphasic taxonomy?
Studying phylogeny based on both
genotypic
and
phenotypic
information.
Ranges from
molecular
characteristics to
ecological
characters.
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Who developed the binomial system of nomenclature?
Carlous Von Linnaeus developed the binomial system of nomenclature.
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What are the components of a binomial name?
First word:
Genus
name (
capitalized
).
Second word:
Species
name (not
capitalized
).
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What are the rules of nomenclature for binomial names?
Genus
name should be capitalized.
Species
name should not be capitalized.
Binomial
should be underlined or
italicized.
Author's
name should follow the binomial.
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What are the taxonomic ranks in prokaryotic taxonomy?
Species
Genera
Families
Orders
Classes
Phyla
Kingdom
or
Domain
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What phrase can help remember the taxonomic hierarchy?
“Kindly pay cash or furnish good security” (
kingdom–phylum–class–order–family–genus–species
).
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What should be done if a species name is revised?
Original describer's name should be in
brackets.
Followed by the name of the
revising scientist.
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What is the significance of avoiding duplicate
binomial
names?
To prevent
confusion
in naming two different
species.
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What are the three domains recognized in modern classification?
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Eukaryotes
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What are the four kingdoms within the domain Eukarya?
Plants
Animals
Fungi
Protists
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What does the term archaebacteria refer to?
Archaebacteria
refers to bacteria with
ancient origins
that diverged early from eubacteria.
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What are the three general categories of archaebacteria?
Methanogens
Extremophiles
Non-extreme Archaebacteria
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What role do eubacteria play in the environment?
Eubacteria
are critical for cycling carbon and sulfur and carry out much of the world's
photosynthesis.
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What distinguishes the domain Eukarya from prokaryotes?
Multicellularity
Sexual reproduction
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How is a species defined in terms of genetic similarity?
A species is defined by having a similar
G+C
composition and 70% or greater similarity by
DNA hybridization.
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How can species be divided into subspecies?
Based on consistent phenotypic variations.
Based on genetically defined groups of strains.
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What are the three subspecies of Treponema pallidum?
pallidum
subsp.
pallidum
, T. pallidum subsp. endemicum, and T. pallidum subsp. pertenue.
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What is a binomial name composed of?
Genus
name
Specific
epithet
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What is a strain in microbiology?
A strain is a population of
organisms
distinguishable from other populations within a
taxonomic
category, descended from a single organism.
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What are biovars, morphovars, and serovars?
Biovars
: Variant strains characterized by biochemical or physiological differences.
Morphovars
: Strains that differ morphologically.
Serovars
: Strains with distinctive antigenic properties.
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What is a type strain?
A type strain is one of the
first
strains studied and is often more fully
characterized
than others.
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What are type cultures?
Reference specimens for names maintained in recognized collections.
Author must designate a type
strain
when a
new species
is published.
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What is the purpose of pure cultures in identification?
Used for
identifying
specific organisms.
Identification is mainly based on
phenotypic
characteristics.
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