1.2 national party election 1948

• What was the purpose of the Bantu Authorities Act of 1951?

  To reiterate that home areas are where Africans should live, specifically in tribal reserves.
• How did the Bantu Authorities Act confirm previous apartheid laws?

  It confirmed the old apartheid laws of 1911 and 1936.
• What was the status of Africans in white South Africa after the Bantu Authorities Act?

  Africans were treated as foreigners in white South Africa.
• Who led the tribal reserves as per the Bantu Authorities Act?

  Tribal leaders designated by the government.
• What was the relationship between tribal leaders and the government under the Bantu Authorities Act?

  Tribal leaders gained cooperation as they maintained some authority, which was better than being ruled by Pretoria.
• What resources were allocated to tribal leaders under the Bantu Authorities Act?

  Land, development programs, and welfare policies.
• What did the Bantu Authorities Act indicate about Africans' status in South Africa?

  It showed that Africans had no permanent place in South Africa and were only tolerated as a source of cheap labor.
• What was the purpose of the Tomlinson Report?

  To report on how homelands might be developed.
• What did the Tomlinson Commission advise regarding land for homelands?

  It advised that homelands needed more land to support the size of the population.
• What was the proposed policy to improve agriculture according to the Tomlinson Report?

  Betterment was needed, which would cost 100 million.
• How did the government respond to the Tomlinson Report's recommendations?

  The government ignored the parts about land and money.
• What did the Bantu Self-government Act of 1959 establish?

  It set up self-governing homelands for black Africans.
• What was Malan's view on using homelands to separate whites from blacks?

  Malan was not convinced about using homelands for separation.
• Who influenced the Bantu Self-government Act and why?

  Verwoerd influenced it, inspired by decolonization in other parts of Africa.
• What was the status of whites in South Africa after the Bantu Self-government Act?

  Whites became the largest ethnic group in South Africa.
• How were Bantustans governed according to the policy?

  Bantustans were governed by tribal chieftains assisted by white civil servants.
• What was the impact of the Bantustan policy on wealth and opportunities?

  The Bantustan policy exacerbated inequalities in wealth and opportunities.
• What was the first Bantustan created and when?

  Transkei was the first Bantustan created in 1963.
• What was the status of Transkei as an independent state?

  It was never recognized outside of South Africa as independent and remained a reservoir of cheap labor.
• Did the Bantustan policy achieve its objectives?

  No, it did not gain acceptance within or outside of South Africa and generated more opposition.
• How did apartheid attempt to control public space?

  By creating a hierarchy of rights to separate public spaces.
• What was the Separate Amenities Act of 1953?

  It entrenched and broadened the principle of spatial segregation by making it legal to provide separate facilities for black people that were not of equal quality.
• What was the focus of influx control under apartheid?

  To reduce African migration to the cities.
• What did the No More Abolition of Passes Act (1952) require?

  It required a reference book for each adult, which had to be presented on demand.
• How were pass laws enforced?

  Pass laws were ferociously policed and resented by African people.
• Who was affected by the pass laws?

  Reference books were extended to women, leading to constant harassment.
• What was the impact of pass laws on African people?

  It turned 3 million into criminals for trying to exercise their rights.
• How did pass laws affect African rights in cities?

  African rights were diminished in cities, but many still braved it for work.
• What changes did the Bantu Education Act bring to African education?

  It segregated the content of education and prepared Africans for limited roles and opportunities.
• What was the educational system like before the Bantu Education Act (1953)?

  Education was racially segregated and primarily provided by mission schools.
• How did the Extension of University Education Act impact African students?

  It placed universities under government control and planned for segregation by race.
• What was the aim of the Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Act?

  To envision self-governing African units based around traditional authorities.
• Why were race laws introduced in South Africa?

  To address concerns about interracial relationships and maintain racial separation.
• What did the Mixed Marriage Act (1949) prohibit?

  It prohibited sex and marriage between whites and blacks.
• What was the purpose of the Population Registration Act (1950)?

  To assign everyone to one of four race categories and record them in a national register.
• What was the impact of the Group Areas Act starting in 1950?

  It had a damaging effect on communities by enforcing racial segregation in residential areas.
• What happened to Sophiatown in Johannesburg under apartheid?

  Sophiatown was bulldozed into rubble as it was predominantly African and an easy target for removal.
• How many people were affected by the Group Areas Act in District Six?

  60,000 people were forcibly removed from District Six.
• What was the outcome of the political opposition in 1948?

  It led to examples of militant activity and the formation of various opposition groups.
• How did women contribute to the ANC's efforts against apartheid?

  Women played prominent roles in protests and leadership within the ANC.