Communication

• Communication - The act of transferring information from one place, person or group to another.
• Communication is a process of exchanging meaningful messages through the use of common symbols.
• Three Parts of Communication (SMR):

  • Sender
  • Message
  • Recipient
• Sender - ‘encodes’ the message, usually in a mixture of words and non-verbal communication. It is transmitted in some way (for example, in speech or writing)
• Message - A communication or statement conveyed from one person or group to another
• Recipient - ‘decodes’ it. There may be more than one recipient, and the complexity of communication means that each one may receive a slightly different message
• The Communication Process

  A) Sender

  B) Message

  C) Encode

  D) Channel

  E) Decode

  F) Recipient

  G) Feedback

  H) Encode

  I) Barriers

  J) Decode

  
• Categories of Communication (SNWV)

  • Spoken/Verbal Communication
  • Non-Verbal Communication
  • Written Communication
  • Visual Communication
• Spoken/Verbal Communication - An agreed-upon and rule-governed system of symbols used to share meaning. It is the use of words to share information with other people.
• Spoken/verbal communication can therefore include both spoken and written communication. However, many people use the term to describe only spoken communication. The verbal element of communication is all about the words that you choose, and how they are heard and interpreted.
• Spoken/verbal communication includes face-to-face, telephone, radio or television and other media.
• Non-Verbal Communication - refers to the ways in which beings convey information about their emotions, needs, intentions, attitudes, and thoughts without the use of verbal language
• Scientific research on nonverbal communication and behavior has identified several different nine types of nonverbal communication.
• 9 Types of Nonverbal Communication (FGPBP, EHAA):

  • Facial Expressions
  • Gestures
  • Paralinguistics
  • Body Language and Posture
  • Proxemics
  • Eye Gaze
  • Haptics
  • Appearance
  • Artifacts
• Facial Expressions - responsible for a huge proportion of nonverbal communication.
• Gestures - Deliberate movements and signals are an important way to communicate meaning without words.
• Common gestures include waving, pointing, and using fingers to indicate numeric amounts. Others are arbitrary and related to culture.
• Paralinguistics - refers to vocal communication that is separate from actual language
• Paralinguistics includes factors such as tone of voice, loudness, inflection, and pitch.
• Body Language and Posture - Posture and movement can also convey a great deal of information. Research on body language has grown significantly since the 1970s, but popular media have focused on the over-interpretation of defensive postures, arm-crossing, and leg-crossing
• Proxemics - People often refer to their need for "personal space," which is also an important type of nonverbal communication. The amount of distance we need and the amount of space we perceive as belonging to us
• Proxemics is influenced by a number of factors including social norms, cultural expectations, situational factors, personality characteristics, and level of familiarity.
• Eye Gaze - The eyes play an important role in nonverbal communication and such things as looking, staring and blinking are important nonverbal behaviors.
• Haptics - Communicating through touch is another important nonverbal behavior. There has been a substantial amount of research on the importance of touch in infancy and early childhood.
• Appearance - Our choice of color, clothing, hairstyles, and other factors affecting appearance are also considered a means of nonverbal communication.
• Artifacts - Objects and images are also tools that can be used to communicate nonverbally.
• Written Communication - includes letters, e-mails, social media, books, magazines, the Internet and other media. Until recent times, a relatively small number of writers and publishers were very powerful when it came to communicating the written word
• The information age has altered the ways in which we communicate and placed an increasing emphasis on written versus oral communications involves any type of interaction that makes use of the written word. Communication is a key to any endeavor involving more than one person. Communicating through writing is essential in the modern world and is becoming ever more so as we participate in what is now commonly called the information age. In fact, written communication is the most common form of business communication.
• What is the most common form of business communication?

  Written Communication
• Common Types Of Written Communication (RMBJE, EIWLP, TFCANB)

  • Reports
  • Memos
  • Bulletins
  • Job descriptions
  • Employee manuals
  • Emails
  • Instant messages
  • Websites
  • Letters
  • Postcards
  • Telegrams
  • Faxe
  • Contracts
  • Advertisements
  • News or press releases
  • Brochure
• Visual Communication - The practice of graphically representing information to efficiently, effectively create meaning
• Visualizations - graphs and charts, maps, logos and others can all communicate messages.
• Common types of Visual Communication (IPFRC, VPM)

  • Infographics
  • Process Diagrams
  • Flow Charts
  • Roadmaps
  • Charts and Graphs
  • Visual Reports
  • Presentations
  • Mind Maps
• Types of Communicative Styles (FCCFI):

  • Formal
  • Casual
  • Consultative
  • Frozen
  • Intimate
• Formal Style - A type of verbal presentation or document intended to share information and which conforms to established professional rules, standards and processes and avoid using slang terminology.
• Informal/Casual Style - A casual form of information sharing typically used in personal conversations with friends or family members. EXAMPLES: Phone texts and conversation
• Consultative Style - It is used in some group discussion, regular conversation at school, companies, trade, speech conversation, etc. It was the most operational among the other styles.
• Intimate Style - It is a style among intimate members of a family or friends that do not need a complete language with clear articulation. It is enough to use short utterances.
• Frozen Style - It is the most formal communicative style that is usually used in respectful situation or formal ceremony.
• Miscommunication - If a speaker is talking to another speaker at the same time.