Biology igcse

• Why do humans need a balanced diet?

  To get the correct amounts of different nutrients necessary for survival
• What are the components of a balanced diet?

  • Carbohydrates
  • Fats and oils
  • Proteins
  • Vitamins
  • Minerals
  • Fiber
  • Water
• What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the human body?

  To provide energy for respiration in cells
• Name three examples of carbohydrates.

  Rice, pasta, and potatoes
• What is the role of fats in the human body?

  Fats are used as long-term stores of energy and provide insulation
• Give examples of foods that are high in fats.

  Cheese, fatty meats, and butter
• Why are proteins vital for the human body?

  They are essential for growth and repair of tissues
• Where can proteins be found?

  In fish, meat, and eggs
• What is the function of vitamin C?


  It maintains healthy skin and gums
• What disease is caused by a deficiency of vitamin C?

  Scurvy
• What are the symptoms of scurvy?

  Wounds don't heal and there is excessive bleeding
• Which fruits are high in vitamin C?

  Citrus fruits like oranges and lemons
• What is the role of vitamin D in the body?

  It helps the body absorb calcium for strong bones and teeth
• What condition is caused by a deficiency of vitamin D?

  Rickets
• What are the effects of rickets?

  It causes weak and soft bones as well as deformities
• Which foods are rich in vitamin D?

  Dairy products, fish oil, and eggs
• Why are mineral ions like calcium essential for human nutrition?

  Calcium is needed for strong and healthy bones and teeth
• Name some foods that are rich in calcium.

  Milk, cheese, and eggs
• What is the role of iron in the body?

  Iron is needed to make hemoglobin in red blood cells
• Where can iron be found?

  In red meat and some green vegetables like spinach
• What is the function of fiber in the diet?

  Fiber helps food to move through the stomach and intestines
• Where can fiber be found?

  In vegetables, fruits, and whole grains
• Why is water important for the body?

  Water is needed for chemical reactions to take place in cells
• How can water be obtained besides drinking?

  From both drinks and food
• What is the role of the digestive system?

  • Break down large insoluble molecules into smaller soluble food molecules
  • Provide the body with nutrients
• What are the main parts of the digestive system?

  • Mouth
  • Esophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small intestine
  • Large intestine
  • Rectum
  • Anus
• What are the associated organs of the digestive system?

  • Salivary glands
  • Pancreas
  • Liver
  • Gall bladder
• What is the first part of the small intestine called?

  Duodenum
• What is the second part of the small intestine called?

  Ilium
• What makes up the larger part of the large intestine?

  Colon
• What is ingestion?

  Ingestion is the taking of substances like food and drink into the body
• What is digestion?


  Digestion is the breakdown of food
• What is absorption?


  Absorption is the movement of nutrients from the intestines into the blood
• What is assimilation?


  Assimilation is the uptake and use of nutrients by cells
• What is ejection?


  Ejection is the removal of undigested food from the body as feces
• What are the two types of digestion?

  • Physical digestion
  • Chemical digestion
• What is physical digestion?

  Physical digestion is the breakdown of food into smaller pieces without chemical change
• How does physical digestion increase the efficiency of chemical digestion?

  It increases the surface area of food for the action of enzymes
• What primarily carries out physical digestion?

  Physical digestion is mainly carried out by the teeth in the mouth
• What are the different types of teeth in humans?

  • Incisors
  • Canines
  • Premolars
  • Molars