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Cards (183)
What does the Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) explain about the properties of matter?
It explains the properties of matter in the three
phases
:
gas
,
liquid
, and
solid.
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What is the first assumption of the Kinetic Molecular Theory?
All matter is made of
tiny particles.
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What is the second assumption of the Kinetic Molecular Theory?
These particles are in
constant
motion.
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How does temperature affect the speed of particles according to KMT?
The
speed
of particles is
proportional
to
temperature
; increased temperature means greater speed.
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What are the differences among solids, liquids, and gases in terms of particle distances and interactions?
Solids, liquids, and gases differ in
distances
between particles
,
freedom
of motion, and
extent
of interactions.
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What are condensed phases?
Liquids
and
solids
Characterized by closely
packed particles
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How would you rank the phases of matter in increasing distance between particles?
Solid
,
liquid
,
gas.
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How do the particles of gas, liquid, and solid move?
Gas particles move
rapidly
in all
directions
, liquid particles
slip
and
slide
over one another, and solid particles
vibrate
in
fixed positions.
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What property of matter corresponds to molecular behavior?
The property of matter that corresponds to molecular behavior is the
state
of
matter
(
solid
,
liquid
,
gas
).
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What shape and volume does matter in the gas state have?
Indefinite shape
and
volume.
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What shape and volume does matter in the liquid state have?
Indefinite
shape and definite
volume.
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What shape and volume does matter in the solid state have?
Definite shape
and
volume.
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What are the basic assumptions of the KMT common to the three states of matter?
They are composed of
molecules
and these molecules possess
kinetic energy.
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What is the role of intermolecular forces in the properties of gases?
Intermolecular forces account for the
motion
,
kinetic energy
,
distance
, and
attraction
between molecules.
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How do the shape and volume of gases differ from those of liquids and solids?
Gases have
no definite shape
or
volume
, while liquids have a
definite volume
but
no definite shape
, and solids have
both definite shape
and
volume.
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What is the definition of intermolecular forces?
Intermolecular forces are
attractive
forces
between molecules.
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What are intramolecular forces?
Intramolecular forces hold atoms
together
in a
molecule.
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What is a polar molecule?
A polar molecule is a molecule with a
negative
end and a
positive
end, due to
unequally
distributed
electrons.
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What are the different types of intermolecular forces?
London Dispersion
Force (LDF)
Dipole-dipole
forces
Ion-dipole
forces
Hydrogen
bond
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What are London Dispersion Forces (LDF)?
They are
forces
of
attraction
resulting from
temporary
dipole
moments induced in ordinarily
nonpolar
molecules.
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What is polarizability?
Polarizability
refers to the
ease
with which the
electron distribution
can be
distorted.
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How does the size of an atom or molecule affect its polarizability?
The
larger
the number of
electrons
and the more
diffused
the electron cloud, the greater its
polarizability.
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What is the relationship between dispersion forces and the size of atoms?
Dispersion forces may be the
weakest
of
intermolecular
forces, but they become
stronger
with
larger
atoms.
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How do London Dispersion Forces manifest in helium atoms?
Helium atoms can have a
transient dipole
moment due to
uneven electron distribution
at a given instant.
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What are dipole-dipole forces?
Dipole-dipole forces are
attractive
forces between
polar
molecules that possess dipole
moments.
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How do dipole-dipole forces compare to dispersion forces?
Dipole-dipole forces are
stronger
than dispersion forces due to the permanent
uneven distribution
of
electrons
in
polar
molecules.
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What are ion-dipole forces?
Ion-dipole
forces exist when
polar molecules
are
attracted
to
ions.
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How do hydrogen bonds differ from regular dipole-dipole interactions?
Hydrogen bonds
are a special type of dipole-dipole interaction involving hydrogen and electronegative atoms like
O
,
N
, or
F.
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What is the significance of hydrogen bonding in water?
Hydrogen
bonds between
water molecules
are particularly
strong.
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What are the important terms related to liquids and
intermolecular
forces?
Fluid: a
gas
or a liquid; a substance that
can flow.
Surface tension:
measure
of
elastic force
in the surface of a liquid.
Capillary action:
tendency
of a liquid to
rise
in
narrow tubes.
Viscosity:
measure
of a fluid’s
resistance
to
flow.
Vapor:
gaseous substance
that exists
naturally
as a
liquid
or
solid.
Vaporization:
change
of phase from liquid to vapor.
Vapor pressure: equilibrium pressure of a vapor
above
its
liquid.
Boiling point:
temperature
at which a liquid boils.
Molar heat of
vaporization
(ΔHvap):
energy required
to
vaporize 1
mole of a liquid.
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What is surface tension?
Surface tension is the
measure
of the
elastic force
in the
surface
of a
liquid.
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How does surface tension relate to intermolecular forces?
Liquids with strong intermolecular forces have
high
surface tension due to the
strength
of
attractive
forces between molecules.
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What is capillary action?
Capillary action is the
tendency
of a liquid to
rise
in
narrow
tubes or be
drawn
into
small
openings.
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What forces are involved in capillary action?
Cohesion
(attraction between
like
molecules) and
adhesion
(attraction between
unlike
molecules) are involved in capillary action.
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How does surface tension change with temperature?
Surface tension
decreases
as temperature
increases.
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What is the boiling point of a liquid?
The boiling point is the
temperature
at which a liquid
boils.
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What is the molar heat of vaporization (ΔHvap)?
It is the
energy
required to
vaporize 1 mole
of a
liquid
at a
given temperature.
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How does temperature affect the surface tension of water?
The surface tension of lukewarm water is
greater
than that of hot water.
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What is capillary action and what causes it?
Capillary action is the
tendency
of a liquid to rise in
narrow tubes
or
small openings.
It is caused by
intermolecular attraction
between the
liquid
and
solid
materials.
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What is another name for capillary action?
Capillarity
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