Physical Examination

• What are the main components of urine analysis as mentioned in the lecture?

  Specimen Evaluation, Physical Examination, Chemical Examination, Sediment Examination
• What does urine color indicate about hydration status?

  Darker urine indicates lower hydration, while lighter urine indicates higher hydration.
• How does low fluid intake affect urine specific gravity?

  Low fluid intake results in darker urine color and increased specific gravity.
• What is the normal color range of urine?

  Normal urine color ranges from colorless (straw) to deep yellow.
• What is the most common abnormal urine color?

  Red/Red-Brown
• What are the recommendations for evaluating urine physical characteristics?

  • Use a well-mixed specimen
  • View through a clear container (plastic or glass)
  • View against a white background
  • Evaluate a consistent depth or volume
  • Use adequate and consistent room lighting
• What is urochrome?

  Urochrome is a product of endogenous metabolism and the major yellow pigment in urine.
• How does increased metabolism affect urochrome levels?

  Increased metabolism leads to increased levels of urochrome.
• What happens to urochrome in patients with renal disease?

  Patients with renal disease may not excrete urochrome, leading to yellowish pigmentation of the skin.
• What is urobilin and how does it affect urine color?

  Urobilin imparts an orange-brown color to urine that is not fresh and is the oxidized form of urobilinogen.
• What factors affect urine color?

  • Amount of substance present
  • Urine pH (alkaline environments can darken color)
  • Structural form of the substance
• What does clear urine indicate about hydration?

  Clear urine indicates good hydration, overhydration, or mild dehydration.
• What does dark yellow urine suggest?

  Dark yellow urine suggests concentrated specimens, dehydration, or strenuous exercise.
• What is the significance of bilirubin in urine color?

  Dark yellow/amber/orange urine may indicate the presence of bilirubin, which can suggest liver problems.
• What does the presence of yellow foam in urine indicate?

  Yellow foam may indicate the presence of bilirubin in the urine.
• What color does phenazopyridine produce in urine?

  Phenazopyridine produces a yellow-orange color in urine.
• How does the presence of blood affect urine color?

  Blood can cause urine to range from pink to brown, depending on the amount and pH of the urine.
• How can you differentiate between intact RBCs and hemolyzed RBCs in urine?

  Intact RBCs cause cloudy red or pink urine, while hemolyzed RBCs result in clear red urine.
• What does porphyrin in urine indicate?

  Porphyrin indicates a disorder in porphyrin metabolism and can cause a port wine or burgundy red color.
• What can cause blue or green urine?

  Blue or green urine can be caused by bacterial infections or medications like methylene blue.
• What is the normal urine output range in 24 hours?

  The normal urine output range is 600 mL to 2000 mL.
• What factors influence urine volume?

  Urine volume is influenced by fluid intake, fluid loss from non-renal sources, and variations in antidiuretic hormone excretion.
• What is oliguria?

  Oliguria is a decrease in urine output.
• What are the causes of oliguria?

  Oliguria can be caused by decreased renal blood flow, dehydration, shock, and urinary tract obstruction.
• What is anuria?

  Anuria is the cessation of urine flow.
• What can cause anuria?

  Anuria can result from acute renal failure, urinary tract obstruction, or nephrotoxic causes.
• What is polyuria?

  Polyuria is an increase in daily urine volume.
• What conditions are often associated with polyuria?

  Polyuria is often associated with diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus.
• What substances can artificially induce polyuria?

  Diuretics, caffeine, or alcohol can artificially induce polyuria.
• What is the term for the cessation of urine flow?

  Anuria
• What can cause anuria?

  Serious damage to the kidneys or decreased blood flow to the kidneys
• According to Graff’s textbook, how much urine per day is considered anuria?

  Less than 100 mL per day
• What are some causes of anuria?

  Acute renal failure, ischemic causes, nephrotoxic causes, urinary tract obstruction, and hemolytic transfusion
• What is polyuria?

  An increase in daily urine volume
• What is the range for polyuria in adults according to Henry’s and Strasinger?

  Greater than 2.5 L/day for Henry’s and greater than 2000 mL/24 hours for Strasinger
• What conditions are often associated with polyuria?

  Diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus
• What substances can artificially induce polyuria?

  Diuretics, caffeine, or alcohol
• What is nocturia?

  An increase in the nocturnal excretion of urine
• What is the range for nocturia?

  Greater than 500 mL/night
• What are some causes of nocturia?

  Pregnancy and chronic progressive renal failure