MUSCULAR - facial exp to arm muscles

• Frontalis

  Skin of forehead, Elevates eyebrows and forehead, and wrinkles forehead
• Orbicularis oculi


  Medial orbital margin, medial palpebral ligament, and lacrimal bone
• Orbicularis oculi


  Closes eyelids; orbital part forcefully and palpebral part for blinking
• Nasalis


  Superior part of canine ridge of maxilla, Draws ala of nose toward septum to compress opening
• Orbicularis oris


  Median plane of maxilla superiorly and mandible inferiorly; other fibers from deep surface of skin
• Orbicularis oris

  Closes and protrudes lips (e.g., purses them during whistling)
• Levator labii superioris


  Elevates lip, dilates nostril, raises angle of mouth
• Platysma


  Depresses mandible and tenses skin of lower face and neck
• Mentalis


  Elevates and protrudes lower lip and wrinkles chin
• Buccinator


  Presses cheek against molar teeth, thereby aiding chewing
• Epicranius (frontalis and occipitalis


  two muscles are connected to one another by the galea aponeurotica (a broad, flat tendon)
• Orbicularis oculi


  a sphincter muscle that closes the eyelids (has a palpebral part in the eyelids and an orbital part attached to the bony orbital rim)
• Levator labii superioris

  elevates the lip and flares the nostrils
• Nasalis

  has a transverse and an alar part
• Orbicularis oris: a sphincter muscle that purses our lips (the “kissing” muscle)
• Depressor anguli oris: depresses our lip (the “sad” muscle, as it turns the corners of our lips downward)
• Platysma: a broad, thin muscle that covers the anterolateral neck and tenses the skin of the lower face and neck
• Buccinator: allows us to draw in our cheeks, thereby keeping food between our molars during chewing (sometimes we “bite” this muscle or “bite our cheek” when it contracts too vigorously)
• Risorius: our “smiling” muscle (helped by the zygomaticus muscles)
• Temporalis: a broad muscle arising from the temporal fossa and overlying fascia that elevates (closes) the mandible; you see this muscle contract on the side of your head when you are chewing.
• Masseter: a powerful muscle that elevates the mandible and is evident in people who chew a lot of gum, because you can see the muscle contract; chronic gum chewers tend to have chubby cheeks because their masseter muscles are enlarged from chronic use.
• Medial pterygoid: located medial to the ramus of

  the mandible, it too participates in masticating the food, and because its muscle fibers run in the same direction as the masseter muscle, it also assists this muscle in closing the jaw
• lateral pterygoid: located to the ramus of the mandible, it is important in the side to side movement required during maticating
• Extrinsic: extra-ocular muscles, six skeletal muscles that

  move the globe or eyeball proper within the orbit
• Intrinsic: smooth muscles that affect the size of the pupil

  (dilate or constrict the pupil) or that affect the shape of the lens for accommodation (near vision) or distance vision
• skeletal muscle that works in concert with these muscles to elevate the upper eyelid, called the levator palpebrae superioris
• Intrinsic muscles: composed of longitudinal, transverse,

  and vertical bundles of skeletal muscle that allow one to curl,

  elongate, and flatten the tongue
• Extrinsic muscles: four muscles that move the tongue

  (protrude, elevate, depress, or retract) that all have the suffix “glossus” in their name, referring to the tongue
• All of the tongue muscles are innervated by the hypoglossal nerve. ) except the palatoglossus, which is innervated by the vagus nerve
• he principal muscle of the tongue is the genioglossus
• muscles of the tongue

  1. genioglossus
  2. hyoglossus
  3. palatoglossus
  4. styloglossus
• muscles of the palate

  1. tensor veli palatini
  2. levator veli palatini
  3. palatophayngeus
  4. musculus uvulaw (uvular muscle)
• The palatoglossus muscle, although grouped with the extrinsic tongue muscles, also acts on the soft palate, so it can be considered a palate muscle as well
• Genioglossus


  Depresses and protrudes tongue
• Hyoglossus


  Depresses and retracts tongue
• Styloglossus


  Retracts tongue and draws it up for swallowing
• Palatoglossus


  Elevates posterior tongue
• Levator veli palatini


  Elevates soft palate during swallowing
• Tensor veli palatini


  Tenses soft palate and opens auditory tube during swallowing and yawning
• Palatopharyngeus


  Tenses soft palate; pulls walls of pharynx superiorly, anteriorly, and medially during swallowing