information we learn passes through a number of stores in order to become part of long termmemory
draw the multi store model?
memory
what is a sensory register?
a stimulus from environment passes into sensory
encodes information from each of 5 senses
main 2 stores of sensory register?
iconic - visual stimuli - images
echoic - auditory - sound
capacity of sensory register?
very large
duration of sensory register?
limited
coding of sensory register?
iconic
echoic
research into capacity of stm?
jacobsdigitspan study 1887
findings of jacobs 1887 study?
found that mean span for digits was 9.3 & for letters it was 7.3
another research for capacity of stm?
millers1956 study
can hold between5/9 pieces of information 7+-2
can be increased by chunking
what is chunking?
grouping small pieces of info from large amounts to remember easily
research for coding of stm?
baddeleys1966 study
findings of baddeleys 1966 study?
remembered lessacousticallysimilar words
as words soundedsame p got confused & could not remember straight away
research for duration of stm?
peterson & petersons 1959 study
capacity of long term?
difficult to test empirically
potentially unlimited capacity
research for duration of ltm?
bahricks 1975 study
findings of bahricks 1975 study?
90% of p were able to correctly match names within 15 yrs
for free recall it was 60%
after 48 yrs 70% for photo recognition & 30% for free recall
memories stored in ltm have unlimited duration & may last a lifetime/48 yrs
research for coding of ltm
baddleys 1966 study
p remembered lesssemanticallysimilar words
information is coded semantically
words have a deeper meaning (we remember based on what it means)
this is why words semanticallysimilar were moredifficult to remember
as they had similarmeanings so were more hard to distinguish between caused confusion
* evidence to support from hm
suffered from epilepsy
underwent major surgery to relieve epileptic fits
temporallobes on both sides of brain removed
unable to transfer info from stm into ltm as he could not rehearse
shows that msm has separateunitarystores for different parts of memory as hm still has functioningstm but his inability to form new ltm provides evidence for linearaspect of model
model suggests that both stm & ltm are single unitary stores but there is contradictory evidence
e.g procedural memory can be supported by hm & mirror drawing task
physical memory of drawing got better but had no recollection of ever doing
suggests that there is not just one store for stm & ltm meaning original unitary concept is oversimplified
does not explain memory in its entirety
does not take into account for complexity of each store
X of focuses on attention?
elaborative rehearsal involves more meaningful analysis of processing info & leads to better recall
craik & lockhart suggested memories created by processing that you do rather than m.r
e.g look at phonetics,semantics,structures of words
assumed deeper we process the more it is recalled
provides evidence to contradict & suggests m.r alone is too simplistic to transfer info into ltm
X evidence to contradict some components from clive?
clive wearing had damaged hippocampus - destroyed ltm
could not remember events from before accident such as wedding day/birth of children
he could rememeber how to play piano/walk/talk/read - procedural
model suggests there is just one unitary store for ltm however he had trouble rememberinglifeevents but he still had some procedural memories
shows there must be more than onetype of ltm making msm too simplistic
findings of peterson & petersons 1959 study?
stm has shortduration of 18-30 seconds
p on average were 90% correct after 3 seconds
20% correct after 9 seconds
2% correct after 18 seconds
X of evidence to contradict from kf?
kf injured in motorcycle accident
was able to recall stored info from ltm but stm for verbal was much worse than visual
had difficulty with sounds but not letters/digits
shows there must be multiple stores for different types of info in stm as kf only had impairements with certain types of info rather than stm as a whole
contradicts concept of single unitary stores
procedure of jacobs digit span 1887?
researcher read 4digits aloud & asked p to recall in correct order AKA serialrecalllength of numberincreased
procedure of baddeleys 1966 study?
g1 - acoustically similar - words sound same
g2 - acoustically dissimilar - do not sound same
g3 - semantically similar - words have samemeaning
g4 - semantically dissimilar - do not share meaning
p asked to recall words in correct orderstraightaway
procedure of peterson & peterson 1959 study?
p were given a triagram to remember
then asked to count backwards from a 3 digit number until told to stop - prevented rehearsal so info did not move from stm into ltm
procedure of bahricks 1975 study?
examined 400 graduates (17-74yrs) on memory of former class mates
some asked to match name to picture
separate free recall test had to name with no image