refers to our ability to recall personal events (episodes) from our lives
name 2 features of episodic memory?
memories are time stamped - rememeber when
memory of single event includes several components - details such as time place who was there, context why, what happened before/after & associatedemotions how you felt
consciouseffort - have to think to recall
define semantic memory?
refers to our general knowledge of world which is shared by everyone
vast collection of material which is constantly being added to
NOT TIME STAMPED
define procedural memory?
refers to our memory for skills, actions
knowing how to do things
aka muscle memory
no conscious effort required
automatic
3 * of long term memory
evidence from hmcasestudy
evidence from brainscans
reallife applications - belleville et al 2006
2 X of long term memory?
evidence that shows ltm made of 2 stores not 3 - cohen & squire 1980
problems using case studies of individual with brain damage
* evidence to support from hm case study?
had suffered severe epilepsy & underwent major surgery to relieve epileptic fits
temporal lobes on both sides of brain were removed had difficulty recalling events that had happened to him in past
his semantic memories were intact & still knew how to walk/talk
shows there must be more than 1 store in ltm
shows how 1 store in ltm could be damaged but others are unaffected
* evidence from brain scans?
tulving asked p to perform various memory tasks while brains were scanned using PET scanner
found that episodic & semantic both recalled from area of brain known as prefrontal cortex
left - recalls semantic right - recalls episodic
* internal
provides objective, scientific, empirical evidence which shows a physical reality to different types of ltm meaning concept surpasses a basic theoretical concept
* real life applications?
being able to identifydifferent aspects of ltm has allowed psychologists to target certain kinds of memory in order to better peoples lives
belleville found that episodic memory can be improved through training in elderly with mild cog impairments as trained p peformed better on test of episodic than control group
shows there must be more than 1 store in ltm & knowledge of this can enable specific treatments to be developed for range of cog impairements
X of ltm made of 2 stores not 3?
cohen & squire believed that procedural memories represent 1 type of ltm (non declarative)
argue that semantic & episodic stored together in 1 separate ltm store known as declarative memory - can be consciously recalled
shows that ltm works in different ways & the way memories are catergorised may be based upon amount of conscious recall rather than type of info
contradicts importance of time stamped memories
X problems using case studies?
whilst case studies of hm & clive wearing have provided lots of useful info about what happens when memory is damaged, they suffer from lack of control of different variables
e.g severity of injury/age of patient when injured
research does not account for evs that may confound results
difficult to establish causal relationship between brain damaged patients & types of ltm