MODULE 18

• Proteins are any of a class of nitrogenous organic compounds that consist of large molecules composed of one or more long chains of amino acids and are an essential part of all living organisms, especially as structural components of body tissues such as muscle, hair, collagen, etc., and as enzymes and antibodies.
• Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and these are classified as essential amino acids and non-essential amino acids.
• Motility protein allows movement of cells and their organelles.
• Structural protein provides support, strength, and protection.
• Enzymes catalyze or speed up biochemical reactions in the body.
• Transport protein carries molecules from one place to another or across cell membranes.
• Hormones - signaling between different cell types; stimulation or inhibiting functions.
• Cell surface receptor - label cells for targets for hormones, viruses, growth factors, recognition of self-transmission of nerve impulse.
• Neurotransmitters - signaling between neurons and brain cells.
• Immunoglobulins - recognition of foreign substances that enters the body (antigen)
• Poisons/toxins - chemicals for defense and capture of food such as snake venoms.
• Structure of proteins: Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quarternary.
• with a long chain of monomers (single amino acid) connected by peptide, as it becomes a long chain, it is called polypeptide. 


  Primary protein structure
• the long chain of polypeptides folded and form into sheets or helices.

  Secondary protein structure
• resulted when chain interactions happen and it went to three-dimensional folding pattern.

  Tertiary protein structure
• combination of 4 chains polypeptides into a single unit such as the hemoglobin protein.

  Quaternary protein structure
• Structural support for nails and hair, collagen and ligaments, skin, nails, and hairs are waterproof because it is keratinized, it is made of proteins.
• Transporting molecule, proteins in the form of hemoglobin carry oxygen in the blood to different organs of the body, it means less hemoglobin less oxygen.
• Receiving and sending signals, messengers as hormones doing special functions.
• Brain and nerve functions by producing brain chemicals that allows us react faster.
• Movement - muscles have proteins that allow movement these are actin and myosin.
• Defense against disease as antibodies fight viruses and bacteria.
• Catalyst/speed up of biochemical reactions in the body in the form of enyzmes.
• Cellular construction especially growth and repair of cells and tissues and source of energy.
• Enzymes are all proteins, which is one reason why we need protein in our diet.
• Enzymes are all biological catalysts.
• Enzymes speed up a reaction without being used up; this means they can be used over and over again.
• A small amount of enzyme can affect the change of a large amount of chemical.
• The way enzymes work is affected by temperature, pH and pressure.
• Enzymes can be denatured (destroyed) by excessive heat.
• Enzymes' reactions are reversible.
• Enzymes are specific, that is they control only one reaction. So, maltase only acts on maltose, sucrase on sucrose.
• Types of enzymes are metabolic, food, and digestive.
• Metabolic enzymes are intra-cellular (meaning, inside your cells), produced by the body to help the cells carry out a variety of functions and complex biochemical reactions related to its multiplication and replenishment.
• Examples of activities performed in metabolic enzymes includes breathing, talking, moving, thinking, and maintenance of immune system.
• Another important function of metabolic enzyme is to neutralize poisons and carcinogens such as pollutants and tobacco smoke, changing them into less toxic forms that the body can eliminate.
• Digestive enzymes attributes in converting food into nutrients; which are taken in by the bloodstream.
• The digestive enzymes are produced by the body to break food substances into forms that can be absorbed and assimilated by the body.
• Digestive enzymes primarily manufactured in the pancreas and intestine and to a lesser extent in the salivary glands and the stomach.
• In the digestive system enzymes break down large insoluble molecules (e.g., starch, proteins, and fats) into small soluble molecules that can be absorbed into the blood from the small intestines.