Unit 2

• What is the basic structure that all cells have?

  All cells have a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and organelles.
• What is the function of cytoplasm in a cell?

  Cytoplasm stores and circulates materials within the cell.
• What are organelles?

  Organelles are structures found inside the cell.
• Why do some cells have more mitochondria than others?

  Some cells have more mitochondria depending on their energy needs.
• Which organelles are found only in plant cells?

  Chloroplasts are found only in plant cells.
• What are the main parts of a cell?

  • Cell membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Organelles (e.g., nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts)
• How do plant and animal cells differ?

  • Plant cells have a cell wall and chloroplasts.
  • Animal cells have lysosomes and smaller vacuoles.
• What is the role of the cell membrane?

  The cell membrane controls what substances move in and out of the cell.
• What is the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane?

  The fluid mosaic model describes the cell membrane as a fluid structure of phospholipids and proteins.
• What are the components of a phospholipid molecule?

  A phospholipid consists of a glycerol molecule, a phosphate group, and two fatty acid chains.
• How do phospholipids arrange themselves in water?

  Phospholipids arrange themselves into layers with tails together and heads pointing towards the water.
• What substances can enter and leave the cell through the cell membrane?

  Small molecules, ions, sugars, amino acids, and dissolved gases can enter and leave the cell.
• What is the function of the nucleus?

  The nucleus controls all the activities of the cell.
• What is the structure of the nucleus?

  The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear membrane and contains nucleoplasm and chromatin.
• What is the function of mitochondria?

  Mitochondria carry out cellular respiration to release energy for the cell.
• What are the products of cellular respiration?

  The products of cellular respiration are carbon dioxide and water.
• What is the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum?

  The endoplasmic reticulum consists of double membranes that fold and form channels through the cell.
• What is the function of ribosomes?

  Ribosomes help to make new proteins in the cell.
• What do Golgi bodies do?

  Golgi bodies collect, process, and package proteins and lipids for distribution.
• What are the organelles common to both plant and animal cells?

  • Cell membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Nucleus
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Ribosomes
  • Golgi bodies
  • Mitochondria
• What organelles are found only in animal cells?

  Vesicles, some vacuoles, and lysosomes are found only in animal cells.
• What is the structure of lysosomes?

  Lysosomes are tiny sacs formed from vesicles produced by the Golgi body.
• What is the function of lysosomes?

  Lysosomes contain enzymes that can break down lipids and other substances.
• What are the functions of the endoplasmic reticulum?

  • Makes carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
  • Stores and transports these substances within the cell
• What is the role of vesicles in animal cells?

  • Small vacuoles that distribute substances
  • Control the amount of water in the cytoplasm
• What is the role of vacuoles in animal cells?

  • Smaller than plant vacuoles
  • Store substances and help maintain cell shape
• What is the role of the Golgi body?

  • Collects molecules from the endoplasmic reticulum
  • Processes and packs them into vesicles for distribution
• What do vesicles do in a cell?

  They transport proteins and other substances within the cell or secrete them outside.
• What types of proteins can be secreted from the cell?

  Hormones and enzymes needed in other parts of the body.
• What organelles are formed by Golgi bodies?

  Lysosomes.
• What organelles are found only in animal cells?

  • Vesicles
  • Some vacuoles
  • Lysosomes
• How do vesicles and vacuoles differ in animal cells compared to plant cells?

  Animal cells have smaller vesicles and vacuoles than plant cells.
• What are vesicles filled with?

  Fluid and surrounded by a membrane.
• What is the function of vesicles that contain water in animal cells?

  To control the amount of water in the cytoplasm.
• What do food vesicles contain?

  Water and food particles.
• What are lysosomes formed from?

  Vesicles produced by the Golgi body.
• What do lysosomes contain that aids in their function?

  Enzymes that can break down lipids and proteins.
• What is the primary function of lysosomes?

  To destroy foreign material and digest food particles inside the cell.
• What structures are found only in plant cells?

  • Cell wall
  • Plant vacuole
  • Plastids (chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leucoplasts)
• What is the structure of the cell wall in plant cells?

  It is a rigid wall made mainly of cellulose.