1.32 type of substances

• What is cation

  Metal atoms lose electrons to become positively charged ions
• What is anion.

  Non-metals gain electrons to become negatively charged ions
• Ionic bonds

  • Have high melting and boiling points
  • Conduct electricity if molten(melted) or in aqueous solution(dissolved in water)because charged ions in compound can move and allow electric current to flow
• Simple Covalent/typical Covalent

  Low melting and boiling point because of weak intermolecular forces between molecules

  • Don't conduct no charge
• Giant covalent

  • Very High melting and boiling points
  • Can't conduct
  • Low solubility in water
• Metallic bonds form when metal atoms show delocalised electrons
• Metals

  • Malleable because layers can slide over each other and be shaped
• Diamonds

  • Forms 4 strong covalent bonds with other carbon atoms
  • High melting/boiling point
  • Doesn't conduct because there's no charged particles free to move
  • Used in cutting tools
• Graphite

  • Each carbon atom forms 3 other covalent bonds with other carbon atoms
  • Between layers of graphite only weak intermolecular forces makes layers slide over each other so graphite soft and slippy
  • Useful as lubricant
• Graphite

  • Good conductor of electiricty/heat Has free electrons which are delocalised can move and carry charge and transfer thermal energy
• Graphene

  • Light and strong
  • Has free electron so good conductor of heat and electricity
  • Useful in making electrodes
• When graphene is added to metals,polymers and ceramics to improve there properties. What is created?


  Composites
• Fullerene are covalent structures with hollow shapes
• Fullerene

  • Light and strong can be used to strengthen materials
  • Good conductors of heat and electricity
  • Good catalysts because of high surface area to volume ratio
  • Weak intermolecular forces between fullrene molecules so used as lubricants because it's slippery
• Polymers have very large molecules. Atoms in the polymer molecules are linked to other atoms by strong covalent bonds. Intermolecular forces between polymer mo,eculesnare strong so ubstances are solid at room temperature
• What are the giant covalent structure?

  Diamond, granite, graphene, silicon dioxide
• What is simple covalent structure

  Fullerton (C60)
• What are allatropes mean?

  Different substances made from same element
• What are the allatropes of carbon

  Diamond, granite, graphing, fullerene