3Renaissance Period

• What did Vesalius do? (1514 - 1564)

  • He drew books with accurate portraits of the human anatomy
  • He dissected criminals which showed other people the importance of dissection
• What was William Harvey known for? (1578 - 1657)

  He was known for:

  • The discovery of blood circulation: he hypothesized that there was too much blood being pumped out of the heart for it to be continually formed
  • He was the Physician to both King James I and and King Charles I
• What was Pare known for? (1510 - 1590)

  • He was an army surgeon. At this time the most popular technique to treat wounds was to cauterize the wound. He once ran out of oil and created an ointment which seemed to work better for the patients than cauterization
  • Ligatures (blood vessels being tied off) it increased risk of infection however.
  • He became the doctor to the King of France which helped his ideas to gain more acceptance
• What was Edward Jenner known for?

  He was known for:

  • The smallpox vaccine, he didn't know why his vaccine worked so he couldn't developed any more
• Give two unlicened practitioner that you might use during the renaissance?

  • Quack Doctor
  • A Wise Woman
• Who wrote, The Fabric of the Human Body, and when?

  Andreas Vesalius in 1543
• Who wrote, ‘An Anatomic Account of the Motion of the Heart and Blood’, and when?

  William Harvey in 1628
• What were some of the treatment methods used in the renaisance period? And why were they still used?

  • Blood-letting and purging: Galen's ideas were still heavily believed
  • Barber surgeons and apothacaries: Doctor's were still very expensive
  • King's touch: it was thought that the King could heal people
• What disease was the King's touch thought to have cured and which king cured it?

  Scrofula - it was cured by King Charles I
• What are quacks?

  They are people who had no medical knowledge and who sold medicine to people. Most of the time the medicine would not work and often did more harm than good, for example people were given opium which created an addiction for the people
• What was the college of Physicians and when was it set up?

  It was set up in 1518 and there they read books about medicine (Galen in particular) and discussed recent medical developments
• How did people differentiate between quacks and real doctors?

  The college of physcian's gave real doctors a license so people were able to know which doctors were real and fake
• What was Florence Nightingale known for?

  • She helped to improve the cleanliness of hospitals and made sure that all patients were fed properly. This helped decrease the death rate a lot as before she arrived the death rate was 42% and two years later it plummeted to 2%
  • She published a book called "Notes on Nursing" which emphasized the need for hygiene and a professional attitude
• Who wrote, Notes on Nursing, and when?

  Florence Nightingale in 1849
• What is innocculation?

  Innoculation was making a cut in a patient's arm and soaking it in pus of the swelling of someone who had already had had a mild form of smallpox
• What was the result of Henry VII dissolving the monasteries?

  It meant that a large number of hospitals were also closed down. This meant that Britian had had relatively small amount of hospitals
• When was the Great Plague?

  1665
• How did the response to the Great Plague show continuity and change for the Black Death?

  • Plague victims were quarantined and their doors were locked and marked with a red cross
  • Crowded areas such as theatres were closed
  • Dead bodies were buried in mass graves away from houses
• What were the focuses of hospitals in the 18th and 19th century?

  18th century:

  caring for people

  
  

  19th century:

  treating disease
• What were the advantages and problems of charity hospitals in the 18th century?

  Advantages

  • Free treatment because they were funded by the rich
  • Some specialised in treating illnesses
  • They provided places for mother's to give birth

  Problems

  • Only those who were likely to recover were admitted to the hospitals
  • Only the deserving poor were admitted
• When was the first vaccine given?

  It was given to James Phipps in 1796
• How did Edward Jenner create the first vaccine?

  • Jenner realized that milkmaids would not catch smallpox as they would catch a much milder form of it (called cowpox).
  • He tested his theory* by injecting cowpox pus into a small boy called James Phipps and he didn't end up catching the disease after he was infected with it.

  *it was unusual in those days for a doctor to test their theories
• Why were people so opposed to Jenner's vaccine?

  • Jenner didn't know why his vaccine worked so people were skeptical about his discovery
  • People were worried it would make them into cows
  • Doctors who gave inocculations saw it as a threat to their livelihood
  • Once it was made compulsory (in 1853) people were opposed to the fact that the government were telling them what to do
• What was John Hunter known for?

  • He introduced a new way to treat an aneurysm: he tied off blood vessels to make the blood flow to other vessels which prevented amputation
  • He encouraged better approaches to surgery for example encouraging people to experiment to find ways of treating disease and testing treatments
  • He was the teacher to Edward Jenner