1 Introduction to Histopathology

Cards (93)

  • Pathology is devoted to the study of structural, biochemical, and functional changes in cells, tissues, and organs that underlie disease
  • Pathology literally translates to the study of suffering.
  • Etiology or cause is the origin of the disease
  • Pathogenesis is the exposure of the tissue or cells to an injurious agents (mechanism)
  • Morphologic changes refers to the structural alteration in cells/tissues (induce in the cells and organs of the body)
  • Signs are the "objective” evidence of the disease [e.g, physical observation, measurable indicator]
  • Symptoms are the “subjective” evidence of the disease [e.g., pain, itchiness, dizziness, fatigue, and tinnitus]
  • Tinnitus is the abnormal ringing of the ears
  • Rudolf Carl Virchow is the father of Modern Pathology.
  • Aulus Cornelius Celsus is the one who described the first 4 cardinal signs.
  • FIVE CARDINAL SIGNS OF INFLAMMATION:
    • Rubor (redness)
    • Calor (heat)
    • Tumor (swelling)
    • Dolor (pain)
    • Functio laesa (loss of function)
  • Rubor is the arteriolar vesicular dilation because of blood flow due to injury
    • ↑ concentration RBC
    • slow blood flow
  • Stack RBC causes redness in rubor
  • Calor is due to the transfer of internal heat to the surface or site of injury, brought about by increased blood content
    • blood → heat (end product)
    • redness automatic w/ Heat
  • Tumor is the increased capillary permeability, allowing the extravasation of blood fluid causing localized edema accompanied by escape of blood cells into the injured area.
  • Increased capillary permeability allows excrete of fluid/gases thru cell membrane, which causes edema
  • Edema is the excess fluid on tissue
  • Increased extravasation causes hydrostatic pressure within the dilated blood vessels
  • Dolor is the direct damage to the nerve ending; there is pressure to the sensory nerves
  • An example of dolor is Arthritis
  • Functio laesa is the pain interference with nerve supply and destruction of the functioning units; there is a limitation of movement due to swelling.
  • Functio laesa can be an adaptive mechanism by the body to protect the injured area from further damage.
  • In Acute inflammation:
    • onset is fast which can last minutes to hours,
    • cellular infiltrate is mainly neutrophils,
    • tissue injury is usually mild and self limited, and
    • local/systematic signs are prominent
  • In Chronic inflammation:
    • onset is slow which can take days,
    • cellular infiltrate are mononuclear cells,
    • tissue injury is often severe and progressive, and
    • local/systematic signs are less
  • An exudate is a fluid emitted by an organism through pores or a wound, a process known as exuding or exudation.
  • Serous Inflammation is a type of exudate that is an extensive outpouring of watery, low-protein fluid from either the blood serum or secretions of serosal mesothelial cells [e.g., Pulmonary TB]
  • Fibrinous Inflammation is a type of exudate that is an exudation of large amount of fibrinogen and precipitation of fibrin masses [e.g., Diphtheria, rheumatoid pericarditis, Early stage of pneumonia]
  • Catarrhal Inflammation is a type of exudate that is an hypersection of mucosa with degenerative changes in epithelium [e.g., rhinitis, gastritis, colitis]
  • Hemorrhagic is a type of exudate that is an admixture of blood = blood + exudates [e.g., Bacterial infections & other infections]
  • Purulent/Suppurative is a type of exudate that produces large amount of pus or purulent exudates.
  • Pus is a creamy fluid component of PMNs & necrotic tissue debris
  • Retrogressive changes are when organs or tissues are smaller than normal
  • Progressive changes are when organs or tissues are larger than normal
  • Degenerative changes are when there is an aberrations of cellular growth patterns
  • Developmental defects in retrogressive changes (AAHA):
    • Aplasia
    • Agenesia
    • Hypoplasia
    • Atresia
  • Atrophy is the acquired decrease in size of a normally developed/mature tissues or organs resulting from reduction in cell size or decrease in total number of cells or both
  • Physiological atrophy is natural, associated with thymus and sex organs
  • Pathologic atrophy is the consequence of a disease
  • Hypertrophy is the increase in size of tissues/organs due to increase in size of individual cells
  • Hyperplasia is the increase in size of tissues/organs due to the increase in the number of individual cells