Introduction to Management

• What is the definition of management?

  The attainment of organizational goals in an effective and efficient manner through planning, organizing, leading, and controlling organizational resources.
• What are the four management functions?

  • Planning
  • Organizing
  • Leading
  • Controlling
• What does managerial planning involve?

  Identifying goals for future organizational performance and deciding on the tasks and use of resources needed to attain them.
• What is the purpose of organizing in management?

  It involves assigning tasks, grouping tasks into departments, delegating authority, and allocating resources across the organization.
• How does leading differ from other management functions?

  Leading is the use of influence to motivate employees to achieve organizational goals.
• What does controlling in management entail?

  Monitoring employees’ activities, determining whether the organization is on target toward its goals, and making corrections as necessary.
• What are the key concepts introduced by Systems Theory?

  • Entropy: the tendency for a system to run down and die
  • Synergy: parts working together produce greater outcomes
  • Subsystem: a whole business is built on subsystems
• Who developed the Principles of Administrative Management?

  Henri Fayol
• What are the 14 Principles of Management according to Henri Fayol?

  1. Division of Work
  2. Authority
  3. Discipline
  4. Unity of Command
  5. Unity of Direction
  6. Subordination of Individual Interests to General Interest
  7. Remuneration
  8. Centralization
  9. Scalar Chain

  10. Order

  11. Equity

  12. Stability of Tenure Personnel

  13. Initiative

  14. Esprit de corps
• What are the 6 Functions/Responsibilities of Management according to Fayol?

  1. Forecasting
  2. Planning
  3. Organizing
  4. Commanding
  5. Coordinating
  6. Controlling
• What is the focus of Bureaucratic Management by Max Weber?

  It emphasizes structuring a business in a hierarchical manner with clear rules and roles.
• What are the key elements of Weber's ideal bureaucratic system?

  • Clear division of Labor
  • Separation of the Owner’s Personal and Organizational Assets
  • Hierarchical Chain of Command
  • Accurate Record Keeping
  • Hiring and promotion based on qualifications and performance
  • Consistent Regulation
• What does Scientific Management by Frederick Taylor promote?

  Standardization, specialization, assignment based on ability, and extensive training and supervision.
• What are the characteristics of Theory X and Theory Y by Douglas McGregor?

  • Theory X: Employees are apathetic; managers are authoritarian.
  • Theory Y: Employees are self-motivated; managers encourage participation.
• What does Human Relations Theory by Elton Mayo emphasize?

  Employees are more motivated by social factors than by environmental factors like money.
• What are the 7 Key Principles of Classical Management Theory?

  1. Profit Maximization
  2. Labor Specialization
  3. Centralized Leadership
  4. Streamlined Operations
  5. Emphasis on Productivity
  6. Single-person or Select-few Decision Making
  7. Priority to the Bottom Line
• What does Contingency Management by Fred Fiedler suggest?

  Effective leadership is related to the traits the leader displays in any given situation.
• What are the 3 variables that influence organizational structure in Contingency Management?

  1. Size of the organization
  2. Technology being employed
  3. Style of leadership
• What is the focus of Modern Management theories?

  It embraces the idea that people are complex and their needs vary over time.
• What is Quantitative Management concerned with?

  It addresses staffing, materials, logistics, and systems issues through collaboration with scientific disciplines.
• What is the role of management in a clinical laboratory setting?

  • Coordinate resources effectively and efficiently
  • Provide a product or service that customers value
  • Achieve high performance by meeting organizational goals
• What are the three management skills required for effective management?

  1. Conceptual Skills
  2. Human Skills
  3. Technical Skills
• What do conceptual skills in management involve?

  Understanding where one’s department fits into the total organization and how it fits into the broader environment.
• What are human skills in management?

  The ability to work with and through other people effectively.
• What do technical skills in management include?

  Specialized knowledge, analytical ability, and competent use of tools and techniques in a specific discipline.
• What are the types of managers in an organization?

  • Top Managers
  • Middle Managers
  • Project Managers
  • First-line Managers
  • Functional Managers
  • General Managers
• What is the role of top managers in an organization?

  They are responsible for the entire organization, setting goals and defining strategies.
• What do middle managers do?

  They are responsible for implementing strategies and policies defined by top managers.
• What is the role of project managers?

  They are responsible for a temporary work project involving various functions and levels of the organization.
• What do first-line managers oversee?

  They are directly responsible for the production of goods and services and manage non-management employees.
• What is the focus of functional managers?

  They are responsible for departments that perform a single functional task.
• What is the role of general managers?

  They are responsible for several departments that perform different functions within a self-contained division.
• What is Management by Objectives (MBO)?

  • A management tool for setting and tracking objectives collaboratively.
  • Objectives cascade down the organization to individual levels.
• What are the steps in implementing an MBO program?

  1. Establish long-range company goals.
  2. Determine company-wide goals for the current year.
  3. Break down goals for different departments.
  4. Require employees to produce specific, measurable goals.
  5. Regularly review employee progress.
• What are the advantages of Management by Objectives (MBO)?

  • Drives organization towards strategic goals.
  • Clarifies individual contributions to organizational targets.
  • Increases employee motivation and loyalty.
• What are the disadvantages of Management by Objectives (MBO)?

  • Time-consuming target development.
  • Potential for poor teamwork.
  • Can lead to office politics.
  • Underemphasizes context and senior management buy-in.
• What is management in the context of organizational goals?

  Management is the process of reaching organizational goals by working with and through people and other organization resources.
• What are the types of laboratory personnel?

  • Generalist
  • Laboratory supervisor
  • Specialist/Section head
  • Medical Technologist
  • Medical Technician (laboratory aides)
• What is the role of a laboratory supervisor?

  A laboratory supervisor is responsible for staffing and scheduling the laboratory.
• What qualifications does a Medical Technologist typically have?

  A Medical Technologist usually holds a bachelor's degree in a medical technology program and may require certification of practice.