Preliminary Exams: Lessons 1 to 3

• What does the term "origin" refer to in the context of Earth and Life Science?

  It refers to something that begins, arises, or is derived.
• What are the main components of the Earth's systems?

  Land, atmosphere, ocean, and poles.
• Who proposed the Big Bang Theory and in what year?

  Georges/George Leimatre proposed it in 1927.
• What does the Big Bang Theory suggest about the early universe?

  The universe was once very small and very hot, then expanded over time.
• Approximately how many years ago did the Big Bang occur?

  About 13.7 billion years ago.
• What was the temperature of the universe seconds after the Big Bang?

  About 10 billion degrees Fahrenheit.
• What fundamental particles were present after the Big Bang?

  Neutrons, electrons, and protons.
• What does the Big Bang model assert about the universe's origin?

  It started at a density point and exploded, producing matter, space, time, and energy.
• Who were the three scientists associated with the Steady State Theory?

  Fred Hoyle, Hermann Bondi, and Thomas Gold.
• What does the Steady State Theory propose about the universe?

  The universe is always expanding in constant density with continuous matter creation.
• According to the Steady State Theory, does the universe have a beginning or end?

  No, it claims the universe has no beginning or end in time.
• What is the Cosmic Inflation Theory?

  It proposes that the universe underwent rapid expansion in its first moments after the Big Bang.
• Who first proposed the Cosmic Inflation Theory and in what year?

  Alan Guth proposed it in 1981.
• What problems in standard Big Bang cosmology does the Cosmic Inflation Theory address?

  It addresses the horizon problem and the flatness problem.
• What does the Nebular Hypothesis propose about the formation of star systems?

  It proposes that a star system formed from a rotating gas cloud around 4.6 billion years ago.
• Who were the two scientists associated with the Nebular Hypothesis?

  Immanuel Kant and Pierre-Simon Laplace.
• What happens to the gas cloud in the Nebular Hypothesis as it cools?

  It begins to shrink and rotate faster, forming a disk shape.
• How do the rings of gas form in the Nebular Hypothesis?

  The angular momentum from the nebula’s rotation and gravitational force form the rings of gas.
• What does the remaining part of the nebula form in the Nebular Hypothesis?

  It forms the sun.
• Who contributed to the Planetesimal and Tidal Theories?

  James Jean and Harold Jeffreys.
• What event is suggested to have occurred involving a star and the sun in the Planetesimal and Tidal Theories?


  A star passed close to the sun, raising tides on its surface.
• What happened to the erupted matter from the sun according to the Planetesimal and Tidal Theories?

  Some detached and plunged into elliptical orbits around the sun.
• What are planetesimals?


  Solid bodies formed from smaller masses that cooled after being detached from the sun.
• How did larger bodies form according to the Planetesimal and Tidal Theories?

  Larger bodies formed through collisions with passing objects in space.
• What evidence supports the Planetesimal and Tidal Theories?

  Old meteorites found on Earth, chemically dating back 4.56 billion years.
• What are the planets of the Solar System in chronological order?

  • Mercury
  • Venus
  • Earth
  • Mars
  • Jupiter
  • Saturn
  • Uranus
  • Neptune
• What are the planets of the Solar System in PPT order?

  • Mercury
  • Uranus
  • Saturn
  • Neptune
  • Jupiter
  • Earth
  • Venus
  • Mars
• Which planet is the second densest in the Solar System?

  Mercury.
• Why is Uranus referred to as an "ice giant" planet?

  Because it has a composition that includes a significant amount of water, ammonia, and methane ice.
• Which planet has the most extensive rings in the solar system?

  Saturn.
• How many moons does Neptune have?

  14 moons.
• Which planet has the shortest day of all the planets?

  Jupiter.
• What is the largest moon in the solar system?

  Ganymede.
• Which planet is the only one not named after a god?

  Earth.
• Why is Venus often called Earth's sister planet?

  Because of their similar size and composition.
• What is unique about Mars in the context of the solar system?

  It is home to the tallest mountain in the solar system.
• What does the term "origin" refer to in the context of Earth and Life Science?

  Something begins, arises, or is derived.
• What are the main components of the systems of Earth?

  Land, atmosphere, ocean, and poles.
• What is the Big Bang Theory?

  • Proposed in 1927 by Georges/George Leimatre.
  • The universe was once very small and hot, then expanded.
  • Occurred around 13.7 billion years ago.
  • High temperature of about 10 billion degrees Fahrenheit post-explosion.
  • Fundamental particles formed: neutrons, electrons, and protons.
  • Universe started at a density point, leading to the creation of matter, space, time, and energy.

  
• Who is known as the 'Father of Big Bang Theory'?

  Georges/George Leimatre.