Biology

• What are the major components of a mitochondrion?

  • Mitochondrial DNA
  • Ribosomes
  • Matrix
  • ATP synthase
  • Granules
  • Porins
  • Intermembrane space
  • Inner membrane
  • Outer membrane

  
• What structure is indicated by the arrow pointing towards the outermost layer of the cell?

  Cell wall

  
• How do proteins get from the ER to the Golgi?

  Through transport vesicles

  
• What is the function of lysosomes in a cell?

  • Break down cellular waste products
  • Digest unwanted materials
  • Recycle components for reuse

  
• What organelle is responsible for post-translational modifications and packaging of proteins?

  Golgi

  
• What type of vacuole is labeled in the image, specifically designed to break down materials?

  Lytic vacuole

  
• What is the endoplasmic reticulum and what are its two types?

  The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of membranous tubules and sacs within the cytoplasm. Its two types are:

  • Rough ER (has ribosomes on its surface)
  • Smooth ER (lacks ribosomes)

  
• What is the primary function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) in protein synthesis?


  Synthesizes proteins

  
• What type of vacuole stores proteins within the cell?

  Protein storage vacuole

  
• What is the role of the endoplasmic reticulum in lipid metabolism?

  Synthesizes and processes lipids

  
• Which organelle is involved in lipid synthesis?

  Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

  
• What are the main organelles involved in the process of digestion within a cell?

  • Food Vacuole: Encloses food particles after endocytosis
  • Lysosomes: Contain digestive enzymes to break down food particles
  • Digestive Vacuole: Product of fusion between food vacuole and lysosomes for digestion

  
• What structure encloses the cell contents?

  Cell membrane

  
• What fills the area between the cell membrane and organelles?

  Cytoplasm

  
• Which organelle processes and packages proteins for export?

  Golgi apparatus

  
• What is the term for the process where cells take in substances through the cell membrane?

  Endocytosis

  
• What are the main steps in the digestive process within a cell?

  1. Endocytosis: Food particles enter the cell
  2. Food Vacuole Formation: Food particles are enclosed in a vacuole
  3. Lysosome Fusion: Lysosomes merge with food vacuoles
  4. Digestion: Enzymes break down food particles
  5. Waste Removal: Waste products are expelled via exocytosis

  
• What type of vacuole is responsible for digesting food particles?

  Digestive vacuole

  
• Which process is responsible for removing waste products from the cell?

  Exocytosis

  
• Which of the following is an actin microfilament?


  The pink microfilament labeled as "Microfilament (actin)" in the image

  
• Which of the following is an intermediate filament?


  The purple intermediate filament labeled in the image

  
• Which of the following is a microtubule?


  The green microtubule labeled in the image

  
• What are the three main types of cytoskeletal filaments?

  1. Microfilaments (actin)
  2. Intermediate filaments
  3. Microtubules

  
• What is the basic unit of a microfilament?

  $G-actin$ subunits

  
• What is the main protein component of microfilaments?

  Actin

  
• What is the role of microfilaments in the cell?

  • Maintain cell shape
  • Facilitate cell motility (e.g., muscle contraction, cell migration)
  • Involved in cytokinesis
  • Support microvilli

  
• What is the basic unit of an intermediate filament?

  $Tetrameric coiled-coil$ structures

  
• What are the main functions of intermediate filaments in the cell?

  • Provide mechanical support and tensile strength to cells
  • Maintain cell shape and integrity
  • Anchor organelles
  • Form nuclear lamina

  
• What is the basic unit of a microtubule?

  $αβ-tubulin$ heterodimers

  
• What are the key functions of microtubules in the cell?

  • Maintain cell shape and rigidity
  • Facilitate intracellular transport (e.g., vesicle movement)
  • Involve in cell division (e.g., mitotic spindle)
  • Form cilia and flagella

  
• How do the different types of cytoskeletal filaments contribute to the overall structure and function of a cell?

  • Microfilaments provide dynamic support and enable motility through contraction and migration
  • Intermediate filaments offer strong, stable mechanical support and anchorage
  • Microtubules maintain cell shape, facilitate transport, and participate in cell division

  
• What is the main function of the cell membrane?

  To regulate the movement of substances into and out of the cell.

  
• What are the main components of the cell membrane and their functions?

  • Phospholipid bilayer: Provides the basic structure and acts as a barrier
  • Cholesterol: Maintains membrane fluidity and stability
  • Integral proteins: Span the membrane and may act as channels or transporters
  • Peripheral proteins: Associate with the membrane surface and may act as enzymes or receptors
  • Glycolipids and glycoproteins: Involved in cell recognition and signaling

  
• What is the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane?

  • The model describes the cell membrane as a fluid structure with components moving laterally
  • Mosaic refers to the diverse components such as lipids and proteins embedded within the membrane

  
• What type of lipid is the main component of the cell membrane?

  Phospholipids.

  
• Which component of the cell membrane helps maintain membrane fluidity?

  Cholesterol.

  
• What are the two main types of membrane proteins?

  • Integral proteins
  • Peripheral proteins

  
• What is the difference between integral and peripheral proteins?

  Integral proteins span the entire membrane while peripheral proteins only associate with one side.

  
• What are glycolipids and glycoproteins?

  They are carbohydrates attached to lipids and proteins on the cell surface, respectively, involved in cell recognition.

  
• What does the nucleus contain that is essential for cell function?

  Genetic material (DNA)