Reactions of acids with bases and carbonates

• All alkalis are bases, but bases aren't always alkalis
• When an acid dissolves in water, it releases hydrogen ions (H+) into the solution.

  The H+ ions are what makes the solution acidic.
• When an alkali dissolves in water, itreleases hydroxide (OH–) ions into the solution.

  As a result, the solution becomes alkaline.
• A base is any substance that can neutralise acids and produce a salt
• Alkalis are bases that can dissolve in water.

  So all alkalis are bases, but bases aren't always alkalis.
• Some bases dissolve in water, for example, soluble metal hydroxides (so they're alkalis).

  But others don't, for example, insoluble metal hydroxides and metal oxides.
• A neutralisation reaction is when an acid reacts with a base
• In a neutralisation reaction, hydrogen ions react with hydroxide ions to produce water.
• Acids react with bases to give salt and water.
• hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide react to produce sodium chloride salt and water.
• Sulfuric acid and potassium hydroxide react to give potassium sulfate and water.
• nitric acid and calcium hydroxide react to give calcium nitrate and water.
• Acids can also be neutralised by insoluble bases
• Insoluble bases can still neutralise acids to give a salt and water.
• An example of an insoluble base is copper oxide.
• copper oxide reacts with hydrochloric acid, the acid is neutralised. This produced copper chloride salt and water
• Metal carbonates neutralise acids to give a salt, water and carbon dioxide
• Metal carbonates are also bases.

  They react with acids to give a salt and water, but also carbon dioxide gas.
• calcium carbonate reacts withhydrochloric acid to give calcium chloride, water and carbon dioxide
• The salt produced in a neutralisation reaction depends on the acid used.
• Hydrochloric acid gives chloride salts.
• Sulfuric acid gives sulfate salts.
• Nitric acid gives nitrate salts.
• The salt produced also depends on which base, alkali or carbonate you use.
• Salts have no charge.

  This means the charges on the ions that make up the salt must add up to 0.