animal transport (7)

• blood - red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, platelets
• red blood cells = carries O2 around body - no nucleus and biconcave - more space for haemoglobin - makes RBC in bone marrow, haemoglobin - binds with O2 to carry it round the body
• white blood cells = fight pathogens and protect body from infection - two types: phagocytes and lymphocytes
• phagocytosis?

  phagocytes bend membrane around pathogen to form a bubble - inject enzymes into bubble to digest pathogen
• lymphocytes - produce antibodies that attract pathogens - can stick them together and immobilise
• plasma = contains products of digestion and carries it around the body - CO2, urea, hormones, heat energy and digested foods
• arteries = thick, elasticated walls - high blood pressure, stretch and recoil
• veins = valves - stop backflow, thin walls - low blood pressure, wide lumen - more blood than arteries
• capillaries = slow blood flow - more time for gas exchange, thin (1 cell thick) - short diffusion pathway
• structure of thorax = trachea - bronchus, bronchioles, alveoli
• pleural membrane - surrounds and protects lungs
• intercostal muscles - in between ribs and connects them - forms ribcage
• diaphragm = sheet of muscle sepparating top and bottom
• alveoli = air sacs where gas exchange happens
• ventilation = breathing in and out
• breathing in = intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract - thorax volume increases and pressure decreases = air comes in (diaphragm moves down)
• breathing out = intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax - thorax volume decreases and pressure increases = air forced out (diaphragm moves up)
• smoking effects = contains carbon monoxide - binds to haemoglobin instead and stops oxygen being able to bind - cant take to body
• smoking effects = nicotine - hardens blood vessels
• smoking effects = smoke irritates lung tissue, increases mucus and kills cilia
• cilia = hair cells that move side to side to remove mucus and bacteria - without have to cough or get infections from build up
• liver = hepatic vein and hepatic artery
• kidney = renal vein and renal artery
• coronary heart disease (CHD) = nicotine hardens blood vessels and build up of fatty deposit - stops blood flow and muscles die from lack of O2 and glucose for respiration - causes heart attacks
• bronchitis = smoke damages cilia - don't beat = build up of mucus and bacteria - causes chest infections and coughs
• carbon monoxide poisoning = smoke has carbon monoxide - binds with haemoglobin to stop it carrying O2 to body - kills
• cancer = smoke contains tar - collects in lungs
• heart - double circulation (pumps blood around the body twice)
• right side = vena cava - right atrium - tricuspid valve - right ventricle - semi-lunar valve - pulmonary artery
• left side = pulmonary vein - left atrium - bicuspid valve - left ventricle - semi-lunar valve - aorta
• left side of heart is thicker - pumps blood to whole body
• adrenaline = produces lots of ATP - increases heart rate, breathing rate and respiration rate
• adrenaline is made in adrenal glands
• exercise: needs ATP for muscle contractions
• exercise increases heart and breathing rate to:

  • remove all CO2
  • prevent lactic acid build up
  • provide enough oxygen and glucose for ATP
• vaccines:

  • inject deactive piece of pathogen - remains in blood for long time after
  • creates memory cells - quicker reaction second time to same pathogen (quicker and more antibodies) = secondary immune response
• platelets = clot the blood - prevent blood loss and pathogens entering blood
• platelets respond to damaged blood vessels = produces fibres that make a mesh to catch RBCs