Group 2+7

• What electron configuration do group 2 elements have?

  They have an electron configuration that ends in S2
• What type of ions do group 2 elements form when they react?

  Plus two ions
• How does the atomic radius change as you move down group 2?

  The atomic radius increases as you go down the group
• Why does the first ionization energy decrease as you move down group 2?

  Because of increased shielding and the outer electrons being further from the nucleus
• What happens to the number of protons as you go down group 2?

  The number of protons increases
• What is the relationship between melting points and the size of metal ions in group 2?

  Melting points generally decrease as the size of the metal ions increases
• Why does magnesium have an exception in melting point trends in group 2?

  Due to some structural arrangement of magnesium
• What do group 2 metals form when they react with water?

  They form metal hydroxides and hydrogen gas
• How does reactivity change as you move down group 2?

  Reactivity increases as you go down the group
• What is produced when magnesium reacts with steam?

  Magnesium oxide
• What group of the periodic table do halogens belong to?

  Group 7
• How does solubility of group 2 hydroxides and sulfates change as you go down the group?

  Hydroxides become more soluble, while sulfates become less soluble
• What are the physical states of the halogens at room temperature?

  Fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid, and iodine is a solid.
• What is the test for sulfates using barium chloride?

  A white precipitate indicates the presence of sulfate ions
• What is the electron configuration of fluorine?

  1s² 2s² 2p⁵
• Why is hydrochloric acid added before testing for sulfates?

  To remove any carbonates that could give a false positive result
• What is the electron configuration of chlorine?

  1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁵
• What is the physical state and color of bromine at room temperature?

  Bromine is a browny-orange liquid.
• What is the physical state and color of iodine at room temperature?

  Iodine is a gray solid.
• How can group 2 compounds be used to neutralize acidic soils?

  Calcium hydroxide can be sprayed onto acidic soils to neutralize them
• How do boiling points change as you move down the group of halogens?

  Boiling points increase as you move down the group.
• What is magnesium hydroxide commonly used for?

  As an antacid to neutralize excess stomach acid
• Why do boiling points increase down the group of halogens?

  Because the size of the atoms and molecules increases, leading to larger van der Waals forces.
• Why is barium sulfate used in medical imaging?

  It helps identify problems in the digestive tract by absorbing x-rays
• What happens to electronegativity as you move down the group of halogens?

  Electronegativity decreases as you move down the group.
• Why is barium sulfate safe to ingest despite being toxic?

  Because it is insoluble and does not get absorbed into the bloodstream
• Why does electronegativity decrease down the group of halogens?

  Because the atoms get larger, increasing the distance between the nucleus and bonding electrons.
• What is the process of extracting titanium using magnesium?

  Magnesium reduces titanium chloride to produce pure titanium
• What is the fundamental rule regarding the reactivity of halogens?

  • More reactive halogens will displace less reactive halide ions.
  • Reactivity decreases as you go down group 7.
• What is the role of calcium carbonate in removing sulfur dioxide emissions?

  It neutralizes acidic gases produced from burning fossil fuels
• What is the result of a displacement reaction between chlorine and bromide ions?

  Chlorine displaces bromide ions, forming chloride ions and bromine.
• What is wet scrubbing in the context of sulfur dioxide removal?

  It is a method of neutralizing acidic gases using calcium compounds
• What color solution is formed when chlorine reacts with bromide ions?

  An orange solution is formed.
• What happens when chlorine reacts with iodide ions?

  Chlorine displaces iodide ions, forming chloride ions and iodine, resulting in a brown solution.
• What products are formed when calcium carbonate reacts with sulfur dioxide?

  Calcium sulfate, water, and carbon dioxide
• What is the result of a reaction between bromine and iodide ions?

  Bromine displaces iodide ions, forming bromide ions and iodine, resulting in a brown solution.
• What is a practical use of calcium sulfate produced from the reactions of sulfur dioxide removal?

  It can be used to make plasterboards
• What is bleach and how is it produced?

  • Bleach is produced by mixing chlorine and sodium hydroxide.
  • It is formed through a disproportionation reaction.
• What are the key properties and trends of group 2 alkaline earth metals?

  • Form plus two ions
  • Electron configuration ends in S2
  • Atomic radius increases down the group
  • First ionization energy decreases down the group due to shielding
  • Melting points generally decrease down the group
  • Reactivity increases down the group
  • Hydroxides become more soluble, sulfates become less soluble down the group
• What is the oxidation state of chlorine in bleach?

  Chlorine has an oxidation state of +1 in bleach.