intoduction to organic chemistry

• Who is the presenter of the revision video for AQA organic chemistry?

  Chris Harris
• What is the purpose of the revision video mentioned in the study material?

  To provide a brief overview of organic chemistry for revision purposes
• Where can the PowerPoints used in the video be purchased?

  From the link in the description box below the video
• What is a general formula in organic chemistry?

  An algebraic formula that can be applied to chemicals in a family
• What is the general formula for alkanes?

  C_nH_2n+2
• What is the general formula for alkenes?

  C_nH_2n
• What is the general formula for alcohols?

  C_nH_2n+1O
• What does a molecular formula represent?

  The actual number of atoms in a molecule or element
• What is the molecular formula for ethane?

  C₂H₆
• What is an empirical formula?

  The simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound
• What is the empirical formula of ethane (C₂H₆)?


  CH₃
• What is a structural formula?

  The arrangement of atoms in a molecule without showing any of the bonds
• How would you represent butanol using a structural formula?

  CH₃CH₂CH₂OH
• What is a skeletal formula?

  A representation that shows the bonds of the carbon skeleton only, without hydrogen atoms
• How is butanol represented in a skeletal formula?

  It is represented as a zigzag structure with points indicating carbon atoms
• What does a displayed formula show?

  The arrangement of all atoms and bonds in a molecule
• What is the displayed formula for 2-chloropropane?

  CH₃CHClCH₃
• What is a homologous series in organic chemistry?

  • A group of compounds with the same functional group
  • They share the same general formula
  • Successive members differ by a CH₂ unit
• How do you determine the molecular formula of an alkene with 23 carbon atoms?

  C₂₃H₄₆
• What are the suffixes for different types of organic compounds?

  • Alkanes: -ane
  • Alkenes: -ene
  • Alcohols: -ol
  • Aldehydes: -al
  • Ketones: -one
  • Carboxylic acids: -oic acid
  • Halogenoalkanes: prefix (e.g., fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo-)
  • Cycloalkanes: cyclo- + -ane
• What does IUPAC stand for?

  International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
• What is the first step in naming a molecule according to IUPAC rules?

  Find the length of the stem by counting the longest continuous carbon chain
• What is the stem name for a molecule with one carbon atom?

  Meth-
• What is the stem name for a molecule with four carbon atoms?

  But-
• How do you determine the numbering of the carbon chain in a molecule?

  Number the carbon chain so that the functional group sits on the lowest possible carbon number
• How would you name a molecule with two alcohol groups on the first carbon?

  It would be named as a dial, such as butan-1,1-diol
• What is the significance of curly arrows in chemical mechanisms?

  • They show the movement of a pair of electrons during a chemical reaction
  • They indicate the formation of new bonds or the breaking of existing bonds
• What does a chemical mechanism illustrate?

  It shows the movement of electrons during a chemical reaction
• In a reaction mechanism, what does a curly arrow starting from a lone pair indicate?

  It indicates the movement of electrons to form a bond with a carbon atom
• What is the role of curly arrows in free radical mechanisms?

  Curly arrows are not required in free radical mechanisms
• How does an O^- ion react with bromoethane in a mechanism?

  The lone pair of electrons from O^- attacks the delta positive carbon in bromoethane
• What happens to the electrons in a bond during a reaction mechanism?

  Electrons can move to form new bonds or can be transferred to another atom
• What type of mechanisms are mentioned in the study material that do not require curly arrows?

  Free radical mechanisms
• In which topics will you see free radicals according to the study material?

  In the halogeno alkanes topic
• What does the curly arrow represent in a reaction mechanism?

  It shows the movement of electrons from a lone pair or bond to a bond or atom
• What is the final product when an OH^- reacts with bromoethane?

  Ethanol and a bromide ion
• What role does sodium play in the reaction with sodium hydroxide?

  Sodium is a spectator and does not get involved in the reaction
• What are the three types of structural isomers mentioned in the study material?

  • Chain isomerism
  • Positional isomerism
  • Functional group isomerism
• What defines chain isomerism?

  Same molecular formula but different arrangement of the carbon skeleton
• Give an example of chain isomers of pentane.

  Two-methylbutane