Paper 2

• What is defined as a neutralisation reaction?


  A reaction between an acid and a base
• What are the products of a neutralisation reaction?


  A salt and water
• What ions combine in a neutralisation reaction?


  Hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions
• What is the typical pH result of a neutralisation reaction?


  Close to 7
• What is the reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide?


  $\text{HCl} +$$\text{NaOH} \rightarrow \text{NaCl} +$$\text{H}_2\text{O}$
• What do acids do in a neutralisation reaction?


  Donate hydrogen ions
• What do bases do in a neutralisation reaction?


  Accept hydrogen ions or donate hydroxide ions
• What is formed from the metal of the base and the negative ion of the acid?


  A salt
• What is produced when hydrogen and hydroxide ions combine?


  Water
• What are the products of the reaction between sulfuric acid and potassium hydroxide?


  Potassium sulfate and water
• What is the first step in balancing a chemical equation for neutralisation?


  Count atoms on each side
• In the equation $\text{H}_2\text{SO}_4 +$$2\text{NaOH} \rightarrow \text{Na}_2\text{SO}_4 +$$2\text{H}_2\text{O}$, how many sodium atoms are needed?


  2 sodium atoms
• What is a characteristic of weak acids?


  Partially ionise in water
• What happens to pH during neutralisation?


  It moves towards 7
• What is the initial pH of hydrochloric acid?


  Typically around 2
• What type of reaction is most acid-base neutralisation?


  Exothermic
• What is the effect of concentration on heat in neutralisation reactions?


  It affects the heat released or absorbed
• What is the typical heat transfer in hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide reaction?


  It is exothermic
• What factors affect the heat of neutralisation reactions?


  Concentration, volume, and strength